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ANATOMICAL STUDIES 


UPON 


BRAINS OF CRIMINALS. 


A CONTRIBUTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY, MEDICINE, 


JURISPRUDENCE, AND PsyCHOLOGY 


BY 


MORIZ BENEDIKT ae 
Piomuton at Vuudts GF f Uh J Z Oth a 


TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
BY 
E. P. FOWLER, M.D. 


NEW YORK 


DEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION New YorK Mepico-CuIRuRGICAL Socizty 


NEW YORK 
Wa. Woop & ComPpaANy, PUBLISHERS 


27 GREAT Jones STREET 


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DEDICATION. 


TO THE 
CENTRAL DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL CROATIAN PRISON, 
EMILE TAUFFER; 

AND TO THE 
PRISON SURGEONS, 


Dr. BETTELHEIM (LEopoLpsTapDT, HUNGARY), 
Dr. BADIK (ILtLava, HUNGARY), 
Dr. ROHACEK (LEpocava, CROATIA), 


Tuis WorK Is DEDICATED, 


13586 


iPS RIES 
aaah’ 


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DEDICATION. 





Tue dedication of this work seems due to you, as it was 
through your disinterested and self-sacrificing assistance that 
I was enabled to furnish the foundation stones towards a Nat- 
ural History of Crime. 

That Hungary, my native land, and Transleithania in general, 
should especially have furnished me most material assistance 
was certainly not an accidental occurrence, but one which 
might reasonably have been expected. 

There it has been an immemorial custom to hold fast to one’s 
convictions and to give them unreserved expression, even 
though exposed to the danger of a temporary extreme defeat. 

It is true that my desire to obtain material for my studies 
was responded to in a most friendly manner by the Supreme 
Court of Vienna, and by His Excellency the Minister of Jus- 
tice, Dr. Glaser; the latter indeed is too eminent a scholar to 
undervalue the importance which must attach to these studies, 
even though the results might be negative. 

The monstrous counter-agitation infused throughout the 
educated classes by the Vienna Academic circles, rendered it 
virtually impossible, however, for me to profit by the kindness 
of the Chief Department. 

This was of course a serious obstacle, for in Cisleithania 
alone I could have chosen my material from a single race. 

First of all, I must here express my warmest thanks to 


(v) 


vi DEDICATION. 


Professor Betz, of Kiew, who was at the same time a spur, a 
guide, and a support to me. _ It was only the greatest confi- 
dence in his authority and special knowledge in this branch 
that encouraged me to continue my studies in spite of the 
great distrust which they encountered, and to conquer the 
subjective fear of hopelessly wandering around a source of 
error; a fear which must necessarily possess every one who 
stands isolated with his facts. 7 

The lion’s share of the labor, though, has fallen to the hon- 
ored investigator who bestowed every possible attention upon 
the outline-drawings, and superintended the technical execu- 
tion of the plates. 

I must also return my most profound thanks to His Excel- 
lency Baron Anton von Hye. He is a scholar of the good old 
Austrian school, who, surrounded by the influences of the 
mighty German philosophy, has never lost, amongst masses of 
detail, the higher philosophical standpoint. As general 
inspector of prisons he has certainly become acquainted with 
the Criminal World; and in regard to Criminal Psychology, is 
one of the most competent investigators of the present time. 

Besides this, in prison affairs Hye has always borne the flag 
of humanity, and humanity has ever been the forerunner and 
prophet of true science. 

Amidst the malicious agitation against me and my studies, 
I was openly supported by Hye, and the success which 
attended my demonstration in Paris, will doubtless be to him 
a satisfaction that he was among the first to discriminate men- 
tal and moral chaff from wheat. 

I here also give thanks to Willhelm Pacha, student of medi- 
cine, who, with great pains, aided me in my labors, 

VIENNA, SUMMER OF 1878, 


PAP CL, 


TuaT man thinks, feels, desires, and acts according to the 
anatomical construction and physiological development of his 
brain, was even in olden times (Zvaszstvates) a conviction—or 
yet more precisely—it was a dogma among reflective natural 
philosophers. 

The meager development of cerebral-anatomy and physi- 
ology prevented a universal dissemination of this proposition, 
and therefore for centuries it remained latent in the conscious- 
ness of the learned classes. 

The advance of general science, the founding of craniology by 
Blumenbach, the interest which Gall was able to arouse by his 
philosophical idealism and pioneering in anatomical studies of 
the brain—not even yet sufficiently valued—gave a new 
impulse. 

However greatly Gall erred in detail, the impetus he gave 
was very powerful, and the antitheses directed against his 
theses were no less productive than the theses themselves. 
Since then the study of the cranium and the brain has made 
immense strides, and scholars of all countries have helped it 
on, either by direct or indirect psychological investigations. I 
need only refer to Leuret, Gratiolet, and Broca, in France ; 
Huschke, Virchow, and Bischoff, in Germany ; Owen, Huxley 
and his school, in England, and Lombroso in Italy. 

In spite of all contradiction in details and in special cases, 
the proposition of Erasistrates has received continually increas- 
ing support through the increasing knowledge of the brain and 
its bony cask, and every new conquest of science has been, and 
will continue to be, cast into that balance of the scale. 


(vii) 


~ viii PREFACE. 


In this connection it is quite proper to ascertain whether 
that remarkable class of mankind, which represents the real 
essentials of Criminality, does not furnish data which testify 
in favor of the proposition mentioned. 

An inability to restrain themselves from the repetition of a 
crime, notwithstanding a full appreciation of the superior power 
of the law (soctety), and a lack of the sentiment of wrong, 
though with a clear perception of it, constitute the two principal 
psychological characteristics of that class to which belongs 
more than one-half of condemned criminals. 

A consideration of no less importance is the fact that the 
same defect of moral sensibility and will may remain concealed 
by superior mental organization, and greater dexterity in crimi- 
nal contrivance ; or it may be obscured through complications 
with mental disorder. 

The accompanying contribution upon the cerebral constitu- 
tion of criminals exhibits mainly, deficiency—deficient gyrus 
development—and a consequent excess of fissures, which 
obviously are fundamental defects. These defects are evident 
throughout the entire extent of the brain, and @ priori this 
was to be expected, as otherwise the inclination to faulty 
action would have found compensation through other brain 
factors. 

Crime is in no way analogous to monomania; it results from 
the psychical organization as a unit, and its particular form of 
expression is determined by social circumstances. 

It is probable that the details of this cerebral condition, 
either isolated or in combination, will often be found in epilep- 
tics and in the insane, as well also as in members of enceph- 
alopathic families; the entire class will be correctly appre- 
ciated only in time to come. 

Moreover, certain conditions have but a formal signification. 
We do not know the physiologico-psychological value of single 
facts. 

That a defective, atypically-constructed brain, cannot func- 
tion normally is so evident as to leave no ground for discus- 
sion. That which we absolutely do not know is, why such a 
brain acts in one certain way and not in other ways, and why 


a Wie, be tans 


PREFACE. ix 


it acts in just this manner under certain psychological 
conditions. 

Another important point should be kept in view; each case 
should be judged of from the standpoint of race-type, and its 
special deviation from such type. Unfortunately, to the 
present, there is a lack of material for a comparative cerebro- 
anatomical study of races. 

I hope that this publication may be a grain in the great 
sowing, of which the harvest shall be a true knowledge of the 
nature of man, and that thesis and antithesis may conduct to 
a lasting foundation. 

From the history of Science, however, every one may derive 
this consolation: that no true thought and no true demonstra- 
tion ever perishes, no matter how lightly they may be appre- 
ciated by contemporaneous views and feeling, or how far 
incomplete knowledge and defective individual talent for 
investigation may lead astray. * 

I have tried to make these studies accessible to those not 
conversant with anatomy. For such, a study of the Introduc- 
tion and of sections I, 2, and § of the Recapitulation, will 
suffice. 





1 In reply to a question which I put to an intelligent bank-note counterfeiter, 
whether he would repeat the crime, he said: “Whenever I may die, 1 will to you 
my skull and brain.” The question of the psychology of crime seems to me to 
have been no more correctly answered by either Philosopher or Criminalist.. 





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TRANSLATOR 'S PREFACE. 





_ Whatever time and labor the Translator has given to place 
Professor Benedikt’s work before the English-reading public 
is regarded by him in no other light than that of a gratuitous 
contribution towards establishing a scientific basis for the 
prevention of crime. | 

That of course must come through a true understanding and 
a proper management of those born with such physical defects 
as entail an unusual inclination to commit crime. 

The corollaries or suggestions which naturally result from 
Professor Benedikt’s investigations lead to this end, and indi- 
cate the direction for a more rational, humane, and at the same 
time a more radical and secure disposition of overt criminals. 

The fullest provision for public safety will be found insep- 
arable from that course which affords also the greatest possi- 
bilities for regeneration and restored usefulness to those in 
whom the depraved tendency has become developed into 
actual habit. 

Both the polity and policy of all governments have hitherto 
_ been strangely superficial and incongruous; the degree of 
criminality has been measured by the more or less accidental 
magnitude of the gross results of the criminal acts, and the 
public has been guaranteed temporary security only when 

(xi) 


xii ’ TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE, 


criminal deeds have—often by the merest chance—resulted in 
personal or public injury and disaster. 

Thus the heaviest legal penalties are often meted to those 
who are the least vicious, and vice versa. 

Besides this, the entire system of past penal legislation is 
calculated, with the most unerring certainty, to intensify the 
degradation which it finds already existing with crimi- 
nals, and after the government has gravely administered a 
legal retaliation (not correction) the subject of it is let loose 
upon the world, robbed of the possibility of self-respect, an 
irretrievable outcast, and-an hundred-fold more brutish and 
dangerous than he was before. 

That this little work may help towards bringing the more 
lowly organized mass of the human race up to the higher estate 
of noble manhood, and thus to render all classes more secure 
in person, property, and life; and most of all, to fit these 
unfortunates for the Infinite Life, is the earnest and sole 
desire of the Translator. 





In Professor Benedikt’s original works the brains of the 
criminals are represented by photographs. These have been 
reproduced by the photo-engraving process, and the Trans- 
lator takes this opportunity to thank his very kind and skillful 
friend, M. Lorini, for giving them special personal attention. 
They will be found nearly, if not quite, as perfect as the 
original photographs, and much more plainly lettered ; besides, 
they will not fade and become useless, as is already the case 
to a great degree with the photographs, though only three 
years issued. | 

38 WEsT FoRTIETH STREET, NEw YorK, 1880. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 





Introduction, ° ° ° ° ‘ P P é 
1. Normal Type of Cerebral Structure, . . . . 
2. Demarcation of the Occipital Lobe, . . . ° 
3. Cerebrum-Covering of the Cerebellum, | . - : 
4. Of Confluent-Fissure Type, . . ‘ ° ° 

Observations I—X XII, é ° ‘ ° F ° 

Recapitulation : 
1. Statistics of Fissure-Communications, . ° « ° 
2. Statistics of Proportions of Cerebrum to Cerebellum, : 
3. External Orbital-Fissure in Man, ‘ ; : . 
4. Anthropological Law Respecting Criminals’ Brains, . : 
5. The Application of Kant’s Antinomian Doctrine to this Law, 
6. Law of Development of Radiating Fissures, . ; ° 
7. Concerning the Identity of the Primate and Mammal-Brain, . 
8. Relation of Cerebral Conditions to Conditions of the Skull, . 
9. Measurements of Brain, . . : P 


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EXPLANATION OF LETTERS AND FIGURES 
ON THE PLATES AND WOOD CUTS. 





F.—Frontal Lobes, F. 1, F. 2, F. 3,—1st, 2d, 3d, Gyri Frontales. 

@.—Upper, Secondary Gyrus of the Gyrus Frontales Superior in Man, and the 
Anterior Portion of the Upper Primary-Gyrus in Animals. 

A.—Anterior Gyrus Centralis. 

B.—Posterior Gyrus Centralis. 

P.—Parietal Lobe: P. 1, P. 2,—1st and 2d Lobuli Parietales. 

P. 2’.—Lobulus Tuberis. 

O.—Occipital Lobe. 

T.—Temporal Lobe: T. 1, T. 2, T. 3,—1st, 2d, and 3d Gyri Temporales. 

Cbl.—Cerebellum. 

Q.—Precuneus (Lobus Quadratus.) 

Cu.—Cuneus (Lobus Triangularis.) 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis (Gy. Occ. Temp. Lat., 4th Temp. Gyr.) 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis (Gyr. Occ. Temp. Me., sth Tem. Gyr.) 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

U.'—Gyrus Uncinatus (Hook-convolution.) 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus (Gyrus Corporis Callosi.) 

Ob.—Orbital Gyrus, or Basilar Part of the Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

Of.—Olfactory Lobe. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S’.—-Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus of. 

_ §’".—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus of. 

f. 1, f. 2, f. 3.—1st, 2d, and 3d Sulci Frontales. 

.—Secondary Fissure of Gyrus Frontalis Superior in Man, and Anterior Portion 
of the Upper Primary Fissure in Animals. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis (Rolando’s Fissure.) 





1 In most of the cuts the U is placed too high. It is found rightly located, for 
example, in Figure III, Plate III. (Corrected in reproduced cuts.—7*.) 


(xv) 


xvi EXPLANATIONS OF LETTERS AND FIGURES, 


t. 1, t. 2—Sulci Temporales, Superior and Inferior. 

t. 3.—Sulcus Occipito-Temporalis (Fissure Fusiformis of Wernicke.) 

ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 

k.—Wernicke’s Fissure (Fissura Occipitalis Anterior, External.) 

g.—Sulcus Occipitalis Inferior. 

po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis (Perpendicularis.) 

ho.—Sulcus Occipitalis Horizontalis. 

cm.—Sulcus Ca!loso-Marginalis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 

cl.—Fissura Collateralis. 

ob.—Fissura Orbitalis, or Fissura Cruciata of the under portion of the Gyri 
Frontales. 

Of.—Fissura Olfactoria. 

blt.—Fissura Basilaris Lateralis (in animals). ° 

a.—External Orbital Fissure of Animals, 

b.—Fissura Olfactoria in Animals. 

h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 


INTRODUCTION. 





Upon the outer and upper surface of a cerebral hemisphere, 
as represented by Fig. 1, it is to be : seen that the fissures are 
indicated by black lines. 

In the first place there will be observed, between the fron- 
- tal (F) and temporal (T) portions of the brain, a fissure which 
runs from before backwards and upwards, that which is called 
the Sylvian fissure (S) (jissura Sylvii), This fissure extends 
anteriorly by one or two branches (S”) into the frontal lobe, 
and posteriorly by one ascending branch (S’) into the parietal 
lobe (P). 

Extending in a general direction from before and below, 
upwards and backwards, a fissure (c) courses through the 
middle of the brain, reaching to its upper border. A down- 
ward extension of this fissure would intersect the Sylvian 
fissure in the vicinity of its anterior ascending branch (S’”), 
This fissure (c) is called the sulcus centralis, or Rolando’s 
fissure. In typic brains it has no connection with other 
fissures. It divides the central portion of the outer and upper 
cerebral surface into two gyri, called gyrus centralis anterior 
(A) and gyrus centralis posterior (B). : 

This form of the central gyri is considered as especially 
characteristic of the ape and human brain. The sudsus cen- 
tralts (c) appears in the sixth month of embryonic life.' 





1 The sylvian fissure begins to appear in the 3d month of feetal life.. The 
fissures of the inner surface—to be spoken of later—the fissura calcarina (cc) and 
the parieto-occipitalis (po) appear in the third and fourth months; the /ssura 
calloso-marginalis (cm) in the fifth month. 


2 : (17). 


8 INTRODUCTION. 


P om P 





FIG. 1. 


EXTERNAL SURFACE OF BRAIN. 


F.=Frontal Lobe. O.=Occipital Lobe. P.=Parietal Lobe. T.—Temporal 
Lobe. F.1, F. 2, F. 3.=Upper, Middle, and Lower Frontal Gyri. P. 1, P. 2, 
P. 3.=Upper and Anterior, and Posterior Divisions of Lower Parietal Gyri. T. 1, 
T. 2, T. 3.=Upper, Middle, and Lower Temporal Gyri. A. A.=Gyrus Centralis 
Anterior. B. B.=Gyrus Centralis Posterior. cbl.=Cerebellum. f.1, f. 2, £. 3.= 
Upper, Lower, and Vertical Frontal Sulci. %. @.=Secondary Sulcus. v. v.= 
Delle. c.=Sulcus Centralis. ip. ip.=Sulcus Interparietalis. po.—Fissura 
Parieto-Occipitalis. ho.=Sulcus Occipitalis Horizontalis. S.=Fissura Sylvii. 
S’.=Ramus Fissure Sylvii Posterior. S’’.=Rami Fissure Sylvii Anterior. t. 1, 
t.2.=Upper and Middle Temporal Sulci. k.=Wernicke’s Sulcus Occipitalis 
Anterior. g.=Sulcus Occipitalis Inferior. 


In the angle between the anterior ascending branch (S’’) of 
the sylvian fissure and the fissura Sylviz (S) is to be seen a 
second radiating fissure (f. 3), which, to a certain extent, runs 
parallel with the sulcus ceniralis. 

This is the so-called third frontal fissure (f. 3) (sadcus fron- 
talis perpendicularis), In typical brains this fissure has no 
connection with the sylvian fissure, though it often has (as 
shown by dots in the drawing) with the lower frontal fissure 
(£..2) (sulcus frontalis inferior). 


INTRODUCTION. T9 


The third frontal fissure is also called the precentral fissure. 
I reserve this term for another use, that is, in event of the 
third frontal fissure running nearly parallel with the sulcus 
centralis along the greater part of the external surface, nearly 
up to the superior medial border. (See Fig. A, p. 15). It then 
blends with the vertical branch which is to be seen (Fig. 1) 
coming from the sz/cus frontalis superior (f. 1), and usually 
also with the vertical branch of that fissure, which generally 
forms a Y-shaped depression in the upper portion of the gyrus 
centralts anterior (A). (See Fig. 1 and Fig. A, of Introduc- 
tion, also Fig. I, table I, etc.). An extreme development of 
such a precentral sulcus naturally indicates a dwarfage, 
especially of the anterior central gyrus, through an unusual 
demand for fissure-space. 

In the space between the salcus centralis (c) and the pos- 
terior ascending branch of the sylvian fissure (S’) is to be seen 
another radial fissure (ip), which extends, sometimes divided 
into two parts and sometimes uninterruptedly, to the occipital 
lobe (O, Fig. I). It is the so-called inter-parietal fissure (ip) 
(sulcus interparietalis). 

This fissure is also called the retrocentral fissure (vetrocen- 
tralis). Again I also reserve this term, as in the case of the 
preecentral fissure, for those instances where the radial por- 
tion of the su/cus interparietalis ascends parallel with the szz/- 
cus centralis to the medial border. (See for example, Fig. IT, 
Plate xii, and Fig. A, p. 29.) This construction arises from the 
blending with the sadcus interparietalis of the fissures coming 
from within and around the upper third of the posterior 
central gyrus, 

Besides these three important radial fissures, which to a 
certain extent run parallel with each other, there is another 
set of fissures (sagittal) directed antero-posteriorly. 

There are two of these in the frontal portion (F) of the 
brain. The first (f. 1) and the second (f. 2) frontal fissures. 
The first separates the upper frontal gyrus (F. 1) from the 
middle frontal gyrus (F. 2). The second frontal fissure 
(sulcus frontalis inferior) (f. 2) separates the middle frontal 
gyrus (F. 2) from the lower (F. 3). We may here specially 


20 INTRODUCTION. 


mention that the generally shallow fissure in the upper frontal 
gyrus (F. I), indicated by », sometimes become very deep and 
separates the upper frontal gyrus (F. 1) into two gyri. 

The sulcus interparietalis (ip) separates the parietal portion 
of the brain (P) which lies back of the posterior central gyrus 
(B) into two parts. That above the sulcus interparietalis (ip) 
is the first parietal lobule (P. 1). That which lies beneath 
and partly limited on its lower edge by the fissura Sylvit (S) 
is the second parietal lobule (P. 2). The posterior portion of 
this lobule is generally regarded as an independent lobule 
(P. 2’), and is called also Lobulus tuberis (?) (gyrus 
angularis). 

The temporal lobe (T) contains two main fissures which, in 
the typic brain, run more or less parallel with the fissura 
Sylviz, They are the upper (t. 1) and lower (t. 2) sudcz tem- 
porales. The last is often separated into two parts. Both 
may extend very high up into the vicinity of the sudcus inter. 
parietalis. 

A connection of the inferior su/cus temporalis (t. 2) with the 
interparietalis is considered as atypic. 

The gyrus between the sylvian fissure (S and S’) and the 
upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) is known as the upper (first) 
temporal gyrus (T). The space between the upper and lower 
temporal sulci (t. 1 and t. 2) lodges the second temporal gyrus 
(T. 2) (gyrus temporalis medius), Beneath the second tem- 
poral sulcus (t. 2) (sulcus temporalis medius) lies the third 
(inferior) temporal gyrus (T. 3). * 

On the upper border at the posterior limit of the parietal 
lobe (P) may be seen a fissure which extends from the inner 
surface to the upper external surface of the hemisphere (po). 
This is the parieto-occipital (perpendicular) fissure (po). It 
separates the parietal (P) from the occipital (O) lobe. In the 





1 In case no third temporal sulcus exists (t. 3 of Fig. 1) there is also no 
distinct third temporal gyrus. Then the gyrus of the base, which stands next in 
succession—the gyrus Hippocampi or the gyrus fusiformis, appears artificially 
widened. Wernicke’s fissura fusiformis represents sometimes the second and 
sometimes the third temporal sulcus, as termed by authors. Further along we 
shall recur to the significance of this fissure. 


INTRODUCTION. 2I 


occipital lobe there is of most special note the sulcus occipi- 
talis horizontalis (ho). 

A second fissure that extends from the inner surface of each 
hemisphere to its upper and outer surface is the so-called 
sulcus calloso-marginalis (cm). It is of topographical impor- 
tance, because it defines the separation between the central 
lobe (B) and the parietal lobe (P), and in atypic brains is a 
guiding point of great assistance. A fissure which I call, in 
honor to its discoverer, Wernicke’s fissure (k), serves asa line 
of demarcation on the one side between the parietal and tem- 
poral lobes (P and T), and on the other the occipital lobe (QO). 
The second temporal gyrus (T. 2) is always situated in front 
of Wernicke’s fissure (k), It lies in an imaginary arc situ- 
ated between the parieto-occipital fissure (po) above, and the 
second temporal sulcus (t.2) below. These three fissures 
(po, k, and t. 2) combined, form, in apes, the so-called “ afe- 
fissure,” which divides the temporal and parietal lobes (T and 
P) from the occipital (O). * 


II. 


Figure 2 represents the inner cerebral surface as it appears 
after a division of the commissures which anatomically con- 
nect the hemispheres. To these commissures belongs 
especially the corpus collosum, the medial longitudinal section 
of which is seen at CC in Fig. 2. 

Nearly parallel with the corpus callosum (CC) runs a sulcus 

which bears the name of sulcus calloso-marginalis (cm). It 
ascends behind the posterior central gyrus (B) to the upper 
hemispheric border, and thus separates the so-called central 
lobe (of Betz) from the parietal division of the brain (P). 
_ The gyrus between the fissuva calloso-marginalis (cm) and 
the corpus callosum (CC) is termed gyrus fornicatus (Gf), or 
the inner border-lobe (gyrus corporis callost). This gyrus 
runs in the same direction as, and further posteriorly than the 
sulcus calloso-marginalts. 





1 The fissure (g.), called by Wernicke jissura occipitalis inferior, separates the 
occipital lobe of the external surface from the base. 


22 INTRODUCTION. 


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FIG. 2. 
(MEDIAN SURFACE OF BRAIN.) 


F.=Frontal Lobe. O.=Occipital Lobe. P.—Parietal Lobe. T.—Temporal 
Lobe. F. 1.=Gyrus Frontalis Superior, A.=Gyrus Centralis Anterior. B.= 
Gyrus Centralis Posterior. Q.—Przcuneus. Cu.=Cuneus. Lg.=—Gyrus Lin- 
gualis. Fs.=Gyrus Fusiformis. U.=Gyrus Uncinatus. H.=Gyrus Hippo- 
campi. Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. cm.=Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. po.—Fissura 
Parieto-Occipitalis. cc.—Fissura Calcarina. cl.=Sulcus Collateralis. h=— 
Scissura Hippocampi. CC.=Corpus Callosum. 


The strongly developed jparteto-occipitalis (po) is now 
observed. From aboveand behind, it extends downwards and 
forwards, and in the human brain always blends with another 
fissure which runs more horizontally, that called the fssura 
calcarina (cc). | 

The fissuva parieto-occipitalis (po), with the jissura calcarina 
(cc), makes a fork, and as concerns the human brain, it seems 
a matter of indifference to which fissure the handle of this 
fork is assigned. 

The gyrus (F. 1, Fig. 2) which, in the anterior portion of 
the medial cerebral surface, runs parallel with the gyrus forutz- 
catus (Gf,) is considered as belonging to the upper frontal 
gyrus (F). The posterior limit of this gyrus (F) on the medial 
surface is not, as a rule, sharply defined, and therefore it 
merges into the central gyrus (A). Often there is a distinct 


INTRODUCTION. 23 


separation, and then the medial part of the central lobe, as the 
“para-central lobe” of Betz, is well defined (See Fig. B). 
I will here say incidentally that I saw such a demarcation 
of a “para-central lobe” in a bear’s brain. The sulcus cen- 
tralts (c) generally extends over the upper medial border into 
the medial surface, thus sharply dividing on the medial sur- 
face the anterior central gyrus (A) from the posterior central 
gyrus (B). 

That portion of the medial parietal lobe (P) which lies be- 
tween the ascending branch of the szlcus calloso-marginalis 
(cm) and the jissura parieto-occipitalis (po) is the precuneus (Q), 
whilst the gyrus (cu) which lies in the fork made by the fissura 
parieto-occipitalis (po) and the jissura calcarina (cc) is called 
the Cuneus. 

The demarcation between the posterior arch of the gyrus 
Jornicatus (Gf) and the precuneus is seldom thoroughly defined. 

At its base, in the posterior fossa of the cranium, the brain 
. slopes not only downwards but also inwards, from which it 
results that this portion of the brain can be seen from an 
inside view. Running parallel with the fissurva calcarina (cc) 
is to be seen another important fissure; the salcus collateralis 
(cl), which divides that portion of the base of the brain lying 
beneath the fissura calcarina (cc); the upper division being 
called the gyrus lingualis (Lg); the lower part, the gyrus 
Jusiformis (Fs). 

From the internal view can also be seen the lobe of the 
middle cranial fossa, that is, the so-called hook-gyrus or gyrus 
uncinatus (U) and the gyrus hippocampi (H). 

Above the gyrus hippocampi (H) there is a deep fissure 
termed scissura hippocampi (h). 


III.—BASE. 
Fic. 3. 

The base of the brain includes three sharply-defined 
divisions, the boundaries of which correspond to the raised 
osseous ridges between the three cranial fossz. 

To the most anterior portion belongs the frontal lobe (F), 
in which we first observe a fissure running parallel with the 


24 INTRODUCTION: 


inner border, the sulcus olfactorius (of); between this sulcus 
and the inner border lies the olfactory lobe (Of) (gyrus 
rectus). Externally to this there lies a second gyrus, which I 
will term the orbital gyrus (or lobe) (Ob). (Gyrus fron- 

















FIG. 3 

(BASE OF BRAIN.) 

F.=Frontal Lobe. O.=Occipital Lobe. T.=Temporal Lobe. F. 3.=Gyrus 
Frontalis Inferior. Ob Ob.—Sulcus Orbitalis. U.=Gyrus Uncinatus. H.= 
Gyrus Hippocampi. Lg.=Gyrus Lingualis. Fs.=Gyrus Fusiformis. T. 3.= 
Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. ob.=Sulcus Orbitalis. of.—Sulcus Olfactorius. 
S.=Fissura Sylvii. h.=—Scissura Hippocampi. po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
cc.=Fissura Calcarina. cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. t. 3:=Sulcus Temporalis 
Inferior. 


INTRODUCTION, 25 


talis medius) (base). It contains an H-formed sulcus, which 
is called orbital sulcus (ob). * 

At the external border there is to be seen a bent-over piece 
of the gyrus frontalis inferior (F. 3). 

The anterior division (F), which has just been described, is 
separated from the middle division by acleft, which connects 
with the fissura sylviz (S). 

This middle part, the “‘ middle basilar lobe,” as we have just 
learned from the medial representation, is composed of the 
gyri uncinatus (U) and hippocampi (H). (See Fig. 2.) This 
middle portion of the base is separated from the posterior 
basilar portion, which lies in the posterior cranial fossa, and 
which is composed of the gyri lingualis (Lg) and fusiformis 
(Fs). The separation is not effected by a transverse fissure, 
but by a more or less sharp edge which runs from within and 
forwards, pursuing a direction outwards and backwards. * 

It is only in the atypic brain, as will be seen in the follow- 
ing section, that there extends from the fissura collateralis 
(cl) or the fissura fusiformis, a transverse fissure which more 
or less sharply and completely separates the middle from the 
posterior basal lobe. 

That part of the cerebral base which lies back of the ridge, 
leaves the level of the gyrus uncinatus (U) at that point, 
and ascends to the natural position of the brain back and 
above. * 

The gyrus temporalis inferior (T. 3) is found at the base in 
the region of the middle cranial fossa; it seldom extends back 
into the posterior cranial fossa. This third temporal gyrus 
(T. 3) has, however, no very constant formation. 





1 This orbital lobe is generally reckoned as a part of the gyrus frontalis medius 
(F. 2), but for potent reasons, derived from comparative cerebral-anatomy, there 
should be assigned to this gyrus a greater degree of independence from the exter- 
nal frontal lobe. Even anteriorly, it is frequently separated from the middle 
and lower (external) frontal gyri by a fissure described by Wernicke, as the fissura 
Sronto-marginalis. 

2 In the drawing the gyri lingualis and fusiformis appear on the same level 
with the gyri uncinatus and hippocampi. In reality, however, in a view from 
below, the first-named gyri lie much deeper than those last named. 

8 As the fissura collateralis (cl of Figs. 2 and 3) is absent in many animals, in 
these cases the blended gyri lingualis and fusiformis represents a fused basilar 
occipital lobe. We shall revert to this. 


26 INTRODUCTION, 


IV. 

There is the greatest disagreement among authors respect- 
ing the boundary of the occipital lobes. According to Ecker 
the gyri lingualis and fustformis (Lg and Fs in Figs. 2 and 3) 
belong to the temporal lobe. This is certainly unwarrantable, 
for all of the cerebrum which is contained in the posterior 
cranial fossa, and all that back of the splenium corporis callost 
(the posterior end of the corpus callosum, CC, Fig. 3) should 
be considered as belonging to the occipital lobe. Here com- 
mences the region of the posterior continuation of the cornu 
ammontis, in the interior of the brain, and that is to be recog- 
nized as the ganglion of the occipital lobe, which, upon the 
external surface, has the jissura calcarina (cc) as its 
companion. 

The ridge, before deadrtbea: between the gyrus uncinatus 
(U) on the one side and the gyri lingualis and fusiformis on 
the other, constitutes the border of the base; the fissura 
parieto-occipitalis (po) and the common continuation of this 
and the fissura calcarina (cl) constitute the boundary on the 
medial surface. 

When Wernicke’s anterior occipital fissure (k, Fig. 1) does 
not exist on the surface, an imaginary curved line must be 
projected from the fissura parieto-occipitalis (po), parallel 
with the szlcus temporalis superior (t.1) and through the 
sulcus temporalis medtus (t.2) to the lower external border. 
This would be the boundary, on the external surface, of the 
occipital lobe. It corresponds to the idea of the occipital lobe 
in the ape’s brain. * 

V. 


The proportion of the cerebellum (cbl, Fig. 1) to the cere- 
brum is also very important. Upon the removal of the Euro- 
pean brain from the scull, the cerebellum is found completely 
covered by the cerebrum. According to Retzius, the brain of 
the Laplander affords the only exception. The same author 





1 Otherwise expressed, it may be said that a plane which intersects the junction 
of the lamboidal and sagittal sutures on the one hand, extending on the other 
hand through the upper border of the pyramid, will separate, upon each hemis- 
phere, the occipital lobe from the temporal and parietal lobes. 


INTRODUCTION. 27 


says also, that in the Teutonic and Latin races the cerebellum 
is very thoroughly covered by the occipital lobes, whilst among 
the Sclavonians it is barely covered. 

I know of no positive information concerning the propor- 
tions as they exist in the Finnic-Magyaric or in the Gypsy 
races. From my experience, however, it would appear to be 
much the same as with the Sclavonic race. Respecting 
people outside of Europe there is no positive knowledge. 

Upon the brain of a “Charruas,” in the Atlas of Gratiolet 
and Leuret, the cerebellum is only barely covered. 

It becomes self-evident that a relative shortening of the 
occipital lobes is a matter of importance when we consider 
that in the inferior types of apes, and also in the entire re- 
maining range of animals, these lobes (O) are not sufficient 
to cover the cerebellum. As a rule, microcephala exhibit the 
same deficiency, although the covering is found to be present 
even in human feetus, 

When in the Teutonic or Latin races this covering is found 
to be scanty, we may regard it as an insufficiency of the occipi- 
tal lobes, at the same time it must be observed that the short- 
ening of the cerebral hemispheres need not pertain exclusively 
to the occipital lobes ; it may result also from a dwarfage of 
the anterior or middle lobes. 


VI. 


In opposition to the normal type, which we have up to this 
point been describing, another type is presented in the accom- 
panying description of brain-specimens from criminals. (See 
Figs. A and B.) 

The most important characteristic of this type consists in 
this: Jf we imagine the fissures to be water-courses, it might 
be said that a body floating in any one of them could enter al- 
most all the others. There are also absent a great number of 
annectants, which are important cerebral territories, the 
absence of which represents so many aplasias. 

For some time a marked fissuring of the brain was regarded, 
erroneously however, as a sign of high development. It is 
true that if, in the ascending scale of animal life, there appears 


28 INTRODUCTION, 


a new typical fissure, it signifies, as a rule, an extended devel- 
opment of the surrounding cerebral region. But where there 
is no new development around the fissure, and especially where 
the more marked fissure results from a junction of typical 
fissures, the fissure thus emphasized indicates a defect arising 
from the absence of annectants. 

If we observe the fissures in Fig. A, p. 15, which repre- 
sent the collective fissure formation in the brains which we 
shall describe, it is primarily observable that the three im- 
portant radiating fissures upon the cerebral surface, to wit: 
the sulcus centralis (c) (at 2, Fig. A), the third frontal 
fissure (f. 3) (at 3, Fig. A) and the radial portion of the szdcus 
interparietalis (ip.) (at 4, Fig. A), all show a great inclina- 
tion to unite with the jfissura Sylviz (S), so that we now 
have not only an anterior and posterior ascending branch of 
the jissura Sylviz, but also three other radiating branches, 
namely: c, f. 3, and ip. 

As the two latter fissures have, moreover, an inclination to 
extend themselves vertically upwards to the medial border (7 
and 13, Fig. A), it results that there are frequently three cen- 
tral parallel fissures, the third frontal fissure (f. 3) (as before 
mentioned) appearing as a precentralis and the sulcus inter- 
parietalis (ip) as a retrocentralis, This formation of the 
preecentral and retrocentral fissures is not accomplished by 
prolongations, but through blendings, and this indeed in a 
measure with fissures that in the typic brain are scarely in- 
dicated. 7 

In such brains the determining of one’s whereabouts would 
sometimes be very difficult if the sulcus calloso-marginalis 
(cm, Fig. A) were not asecure guide. The ascending por- 
tion of this sulcus (see Fig. B) forms the posterior border of 
the gyrus centralis posterior (B) and the first radiating fissure 
in front of this (on the outer surface) must be the sulcus cen- 
tralis (Cc). 

In the frontal lobe, one or the other of the frontal fissures 
Cf. 3, £. 2, f. 1, or y) is often connected with the sulcus cen- 
tralis (c). (See for example 5 in Fig. A.) On some of these 
brains the secondary fissure ( Fig. I) is deep and long; in 


INTRODUCTION, 29 


which case it often penetrates deeply into the upper part of 
the gyrus centralis anterior (A), and participates in the con- 





by 


FIG. A. 


EXTERNAL SURFACE OF BRAIN FISSURE-TYPE. 


F.=Frontal Lobe. O.=Occipital Lobe. P.=—Parietal Lobe. T.—Temporal 
Lobe. F.1, F.2, F. 3.=Upper, Middle, and Lower Frontal Gyri. P.1, P2, 
P,2’.=Upper and Anterior, and Divisions of Lower Parietal Gyri. T.1, T. 
2, T. 3.=Upper, Middle, and Lower Temporal Gyri. A. A.=Gyrus Centralis 
Anterior. B. B.=Gyrus Centralis Posterior. clb.—Cerebellum, f. 1, f. 2, f. 3.= 
Upper, Lower, and Vertical Frontal Sulci. §. ¥.—Secondary Sulcus. v. v.= 
Delle. c.=Sulcus Centralis. ip. ip.=Sulcus Interparietalis. po.—Fissura 
Parieto-Occipitalis. ho.=Sulcus Occipitalis Horizontalis. S.—Fissura Sylvii. 
S’.=Ramus Fissure Sylvii Posterior. S//).—Rami Fissure Sylvii Anterior. t. 1, 
t. 2.=Upper and Middle Temporal Sulci. k.=Wernicke’s Sulcus Occipitalis 
Anterior. g.=Sulcus Occipitalis Inferior. 1.—Connection of Upper and Middle 
Temporal Sulci with Inter-Collateralis. 2.—Connection of Sulcus Centralis with 
Fissura Sylvii. 3.=Connection of 3d Sulcus Frontalis with Fissura Sylvii. 4.= 
Connection of Sulcus Interparietalis with Fissura Sylvii. 5.—Connection of 
Frontal Sulci with Sulcus Centralis. 6.—Connection of Sulcus Interparietalis 
with Sulcus Centralis. 7.=Extension to Medial Border of 3d Frontal Sulcus. 
8.=Connection of Interparietalis with Ramus Posterior Fissure Sylvii. 9.= 
Connection of Sulcus Tempor. Sup. with Fissura Sylvii. 10,—Connection of 
Upper and Middle Sulci Temporales with Fissura Sylvii. 11.=Connection of 
Upper and Middle Sulci Temporales with Occipital Fissures. 12.=Connection 
of Parieto-occipitalis with Occipitalis horizontalis. 13.=Extension of Interparie- 
talis to Medial Border. 


30 INTRODUCTION. 


struction of the preecentral fissure. Under this circumstance 
we have really four frontal gyri as found in beasts of prey, 
such as the cat and fox. 

In the parietal lobe (P) we often see the sulcus inter- 
parietalis (ip.) rising out of the fissura Sylviz (S) (4 in Fig. 
A); moreover, it not infrequently blends with the posterior 
ascending ramus (S’) of the fissura Sylvii (as at 8, Fig. A). 
Also there often exists a transverse connection with the sudcus 
centralts (c) (6, Fig. A). And, furthermore, the zzterparie- 
talts (ip.) unites with the upper or middle temporal fissures 
(t. rand t. 2) (10, Fig. A). As the tuterparietalis (ip.) gen- 
erally joins with the occipitalts horizontalis (ho) and this last, 
in the brains which we will describe, often connects with the 
parteto-occipitalis (po) (12, Fig. A), a connection is thereby 
effected between the zzterparietalis, the medial surface, and 
the jissura calcarina (cc). 

In the temporal lobe (T) we often see the upper temporal 
sulcus (t. 1) in connection with the fissura Sylvit (S) by 
means of a transverse fissure (9, Fig. A) or it may, as before 
mentioned, connect with the zzterparietalis (ip. 10) or with 
the occipital fissures (11, Fig. A). The first and second tem- 
poral fissures (t. I, t. 2) also frequently communicate with 
each other (1, Figs. A and B) and send out a connection 
around the outer and under border of the brain, to the fissura 
collateralis ¢cl). 

Again, the lower occipital sulcus (g) often unites with the 
jissura fusiformis (t. 2 or t. 3 of authors) and as it (¢) often 
springs from the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) and the last one 
(jiss. fusif.) not infrequently unites with the szlc. collateralis 
(cl) and this in its turn with the fissura calcarina (cc). So 
in this way there results in these brains an extensive connec- 
tion between the temporal and occipital basilarlobes. On the 
medial surface (compare Figs. 2 and B) we see that the sa/- 
cus calloso-marginalis (cm) sends a prolongation, more rarely 
to the parieto-occipital fissure (po), but often to the common 
stem of this (po) and the fissura calcarina (cc).’ 

In some brains the sw/cus centralis (c) which, in these cases, 





1 This connection is effected by penetrating the fissutes of the praecuneus (Q), 
which has been insufficiently indicated in Fig. 2. 


INTRODUCTION. 31 


penetrates far into the medial surface, is also connected with 
the sulcus calloso-marginalis (cm). 

Morever, we see the fissuva calcarina (cc) united in an 
atypic manner with the sczssura hippocampi (h). 

The fissuva calcarina (cc) often communicates also with the 
collateralis (cl). 








5 


FIG. B. 


MEDIAL SURFACE OF BRAIN FISSURE-TYPE. 


F.=Frontal Lobe. O.=Occipital Lobe. P.—Parietal Lobe. T.=Temporal 
Lobe. F.1.=Gyrus Frontalis Superior. A.=Gyrus Centralis Anterior. B.= 
Gyrus Centralis Posterior. Q.=—Precuneus. Cu.=Cuneus. Lg.=Gyrus Lin- 
gualis. Fs.=Gyrus Fusiformis. U.=Gyrus Uncinatus. H.=Gyrus Hippo- 
campi. Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. cm.=Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. po.—Fissura 
Parieto-Occipitalis. cc.=Fissura Calcarina. cl.=Sulcus Collateralis. h= 
Scissura Hippocampi. CC.=Corpus Callosum. 1.=Connection of Upper and 
Middle Temporal Sulci with Sulcus Collateralis. 


Between the normal type with the typically-separated 
fissures, and the confluent-fissure type, there exist manifold 
transitions, inasmuch as more or less of the annectant gyri are 
not developed at the surface, but remain concealed as under- 
lying annectant gyri (Pls de passage, in the stricter sense). 

In a former series of contributions respecting the brains of 
criminals, I have emphasized the absence of annectants. In 
this I have especially shown an important anatomical fact, that 


32 INTRODUCTION, 


is, a deviation from the school-type of brain. This statement 
found confirmation, and the opportunity was used, in a curious 
ethical discussion, to rouse suspicion against me. In con- 
nection with this it must be kept in mind that it is not a sin- 
gle deviation by itself which constitutes the characteristic of 
the type, but rather a general deviation. Those brains which 
exhibit numerous deviations from the first type and approach 
the second, we shall rank under the head of the second, and 
brains with few or isolated deviations from the first type, we 
shall consider as belonging to that type. 

There is no doubt whatever that this second type is devel- 
oped in embryo the same as it is found in the mature adult 
brain. Even Riidinger * has shown that in the foetal stage of 
existence the brachio and dolicho-cephalic brains exhibit their 
characteristic differences. 

Most important conclusions would be derived from a com- 
parative race-study of brains if it should be demonstrated that 
in the lower human races the brain entire or in various parts 
corresponds more or less to the second type. If we observe 
the negro brain, in the celebrated work of Huschke’s (Table 
vi, Fig. IID), we see that it belongs decidedly to the second 
type. 

Before proceeding further it must be observed that the 
brains of inferior individuals most certainly approach, as a 
rule, nearer to the second than the first type. 

If we consider what kind of material usually finds its way 
into dissecting-rooms we should naturally expect to meet there 
a larger proportion of brains which approach the second type ; 
and such is the general fact. The principal material of the 
dissecting-room consists of the remains of those who have 
suffered complete shipwreck in life through a low grade of 
intelligence, imperfect motor development, or through crimes 
and vice; for instance: inebriates, epileptics, prostitutes, etc. 
Neither by themselves or through their social connections 
could they procure or save the means necessary for their 
burial. * 


2 





1 Unterschiede der Grosshirnwindungen nach dem Geschlechte beim Fétus und 
Neugebornen, etc. (Miinchen, Riedel, 1877). 
* The same observation applies to skulls of anatomical collections. 


OBSERVATION I. 





(TABLE I.) 


BALAZS, a Roumanian, middle aged; as a convict good-natured, dili- 
gent, and exemplary. He was a thief and a receiver of stolen goods, 
and was condemned for participation in robbery, accompanied by 
murder. The accomplices declared that he knew of the murder, 
that he had kept it secret, but that he had not participated in it. 





The cerebellum was incompletely covered by the occipital 
lobes of the cerebrum. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE (SEE TABLE I, FIGS. I-II). 

The sulcus tentralis (c, Fig. I1) unites with the fissura 
Sylvit (S) ; and by two branches (3, 3, Fig. 1) communicates 
also by one, with the sadcus frontalis superior (f. 1), sulcus 
Srontalis perpendicularis (f. 3),and by the other with the sz/cus 
interparietalis (ip). The sulcus frontalis perpendicularis Cf. 3) 
runs parallel with the sadcus centralis (c), and receives the 
vertical branch of the sudcus front. super. (f. 1, Fig. I, Table 
I), thus forming a przecentral fissure. 

Relatively, the gyrus frontalis superior (F. 1) is poorly 
developed. | 

The sulcus tnterparietalis (ip) is imperfectly separated from 
the fissura Sylvit (S), and is divided into two parts: the pos- 
terior part connects with the /issura occipitalis horizontalis 
(ho, Fig. II). The anterior portion sends downwards (at I, 
Fig. IL) a branch which penetrates the lower parietal lobe 
(P. 2 and P. 2’) and communicates with the szlcus temporalts 


3 (33) 


OBSERVATION I. 


34 


OBSERVATION I. 


BaLAzs—Murderer and Robber. 


) 


(Roumanian. 


of 


Ly 
Z) 


iY] 


/ 
Iv 


yf 





OBSERVATION I, 


IWS 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F. 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F, 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior, 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P, 2/—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt), 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przcuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S!/,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus, 

T.1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 








35 


(“ary 
\ ON 


\ 


\S 


NS 
ws 


SN 


St 


N \ 


T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis, 
f.1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 

f. 3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis, 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis, 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior, 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior. 
gy.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis, 


36 OBSERVATION I. 


superior (t. 1) and indirectly with the ramus ascendens (S') of 
the fissura Sylvit. 

The sulcus tempor. supr. (t. 1) gives off two upper branches, 
one of which (1, Fig. II) blends with the zxterparietalis (ip), 
the other including with it Wernicke’s fissure (k), unites with 
the parieto-occipitalis (po). There exists also a shallow union 
with the fssura Sylvii. The two occipital fissures (po and 
ho) are also joined together by a_shallow fissure. 

At 2, a fissure (Fig. II and III) leaves the semporalis 
superior (t. 1), runs backwards and downwards to the base of 
the brain, makes a fork-like separation, the prongs of which 
embrace the gyrus fusiformis (Fs) (gyrus occipito-temporalis 
lateralis), and proceed to communicate with the /fissura 
collateralis (cl). 

The gyrus fusiformis (Fs) exhibits frequent transverse 
divisions ; the gyrus lingualis (Lg) (gyrus occipito-temporalis 
medtus) very narrow. The calloso-marginalis (cm) connects 
with the fissures of the precuneus, and they conjointly 
extend nearly to the parieto-occipitalts (po). $ 

The central and posterior base-lobes are separated from each 
other by transverse fissures coming from the collaterals 


(cl). 
Antero-posterior chord,’ Z ‘ , . 16% 
Hemispheric arch, a 6 ae ee 


Anterior curve, ‘ ; é i: ag 
Middle curve, . bree : :) a 
Posterior curve, : . . ee 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

The sulcus centralis (c) connects with the 7. Sy/vzz (S) and 
the precentralis. The two gyrt centrales (A and B) mod- 
erate-sized in the lower third, are poorly developed in the 
upper third. 





1 “ Antero-posterior chord” signifies the chord between the extreme frontal 
and occipital points. It corresponds to the longitudinal arc-chord on the skull. 
The curve between the two points is the “ hemispheric arch.” It corresponds 
approximatively to the longitudinal arch of the skull. This arch is divided into 
three portions: the frontal or “anterior” extends from the before-mentioned 
frontal extremity to that point where the su/cus centralis, or an imaginary contin- 


OBSERVATION I, 37 


The third frontal fissure (f. 3) is imperfectly separated from 
the fossa Sylviz, and with the vertical branches of the s. 
Jrontalis superior (£. 1) ; joined by a secondary fissure (¢), it 
forms a well-developed precentralis. 

The s. frontalis superior (f. 1) is composed of two pieces, 
the anterior one of which furnishes the vertical limb of the 
precentralis. A posterior part of the secondary fissure (9), 
the same as the f. front. sup. (£. 1), gives still another radiat- 
ing branch. 

The gyrus frontalis superior (F. 1) contains three deep, 
secondary fissures, parallel with f. 1, the foremost of which 
sends a vertical branch contributing to the formation of the 
pracentralis. 

The s. zzterparietalis (ip) is divided into an anterior and a 
posterior part. The first portion forms a well-developed retro- 
central fissure, and by an inferiorly directed branch communi- 
cates with the s. temporalis superior (t. 1); it is also poorly 
separated from the posterior ascending branch of the fissura 
Sylvit (S’). 

The parieto-occipitalis (po), by a very shallow anteriorly 
extending branch, communicates with the posterior portion of 
the s. ¢nterparietalis (ip) and also with the occipitalis horizon- 
talis (ho). 

(On account of an injury to the specimen, it could not 
be determined if the s. semporalis superior communicated with 
the occipitalis horizontalis (ho).) 

The f. parteto-occipitalis (po) communicates with the 
scissura hippocampi (h). The gyrus lingualis, both longitu- 
dinally and transversely, is frequently divided. The middle 





uation of the same would strike the medial hemispheric border ; it is not identical 
with the frontal curve of the skull. From the last designated point, the parietal 
or “middle” arch extends to that point where the parieto-occipitalis (po) inter- 
sects the medial hemispheric arch; it does not correspond to the parietal curve 
of the skull, but the “anterior” and “middle”? portions combined correspond 
nearly to the totality of the frontal and parietal curves on the skull. The occipi- 
tal or “fosterior” curve extends from the posterior termination of the “middle” 
curve to the occipital apex. Further along it will be explained that the last 
curve has no real correspondence with the curve between the posterior fontanelle 
and the prominentia occipitalis maxima; the value which these measurements 
generally have will also be explained, 


38 , OBSERVATION I, 


basilar lobe is separated from the posterior one by a transverse 
fissure. The s. calloso-marginalis (cm) communicates with 
the fissures of the precuneus (Q). 


Antero-posterior chord, ; . ‘ . 15.8 
Hemispheric arch, ; A ; : . 24.0 
Anterior curve, : 4 . e 13.5 
Middle curve, : @ ‘ ; 4.7 
Posterior curve, ‘ ° . ° 5.8 





APPENDIX TO OBSERVATION I. : 

Ricut: The farieto-occipitalis (po) communicates with the 
s. cructatus of the precuneus(Q). There is no communica- 
tion between the calloso-marginalis (cm) and the fissures of 
the precuneus (Q). 

The exterrral orbital sulcus is composed of two parts, and is 
very deep. The posterior part separates extensively the fron- 
tal lobe (F) from the orbital lobe (Ob), but does not commu- 
nicate with the third incision of the fossa Sylvii (S). 

Lert: The anterior and middle parts of the external 
orbital sulcus (ob) communicate with each other and with 
the fossa Syivii (S), but not with the third incision of the 
fossa Sylvit, which appears as a fourth incision. 


OBSERVATION II. 





(TABLE II.) 


MADARASZ, Janos, aged 43, Sclavonian, habitual thief, was finally 
condemned for burglary; twice escaped from prison. Of a sweet, 
fawning behavior in prison; treacherous and cowardly toward 
his overseers. 





The right cerebellum imperfectly covered. The upper sur- 
face of the cerebellar hemispheres slope abruptly off, and the 
vermiformis is crowded wedge-shaped, in between the hemis- 
pheres. The posterior and medial parts of the cerebellum 
are uncovered, and on the left, the middle part is also 
uncovered. 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE (TABLE II, FIGS. I-I11). 

The s. centralts (c) is well separated from the f. Sy/viz (S). 

The s. front. perpend. ({. 3) unites with the fossa Sylvit 
(S). The s. frontalis superior (£. 1) by means of a descend- 
ing branch communicates with the s. frontalis inferior (f. 2) 
and thereby with the s. front. perpend. (f. 3), and also with 
the f. Sylvit (S). The s. interparietalis (ip) also (Figs. I and 
II) communicates with the f. Sy/vzz (S and S’), and on the 
medial surface, by means of the s. cruczatus, makes an indirect 
and shallow connection with the f. parieto-occipitalis (po). 
In Fig. II can trace interparietalis (ip) to the upper-medial 
border. In Fig. III, the fissure, entering from the: medial 
border between cm and po, is the s. zuterparietalis. The 
ramus posterior fissure Sylvit (S’') communicates at bu (Fig. 
II) with the s. zvterparietalis (ip), and in the manner:spoken: 


(39) 


VATION II. 


In 


ANos—Confirmed Thief, 


(Sclavonian.) 


SE 
J 


> 
Ly 


OBSERVATION II. 


OB 


MADARAS 


40 


< y! XG 


— 


(Gos 
AZ i} 
CY, 


\S 
YY 


WV 


“Yi 
by 


y Ly Z 
My | Z 
Ml UY 


j 


\\ AN \\ 
\ Ad 


LN 


Yy 
Yh 


IX 
\\ 





OBSERVATION ILI, 


\ 


S 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F. 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F. 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2.—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przcuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. | 

S!,—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus, 

T. 1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 


\\ 








41 


Rn \ 
\ RN 


Nw 
Ss ; Ww Y Qy’s % 


\\ \ 
We 


T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius, 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 

f. 1—Sulecus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 
f.3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis, 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior. 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior. 
gy.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis, 


42 OBSERVATION II. 


of, it can also be said that the posterior ascending branch of 
the fissura Sylvit communicates with the f parteto-occipitalis. 

The s. cemporalis superior (t. 1) does not communicate 
with the f. Sy/vzz. (The connection seen in the photograph 
arose from a laceration of the specimen.) On the contrary, it 
unites with the s. temporalis medius (t. 2), and the united two 
send a branch (2, Fig. II) to the s. occipztalis transversus and 
the f. parieto-occipitalis (ho and po). (This union, however, is 
not so extensive as tt appears in the outline drawing, Fig. II 
of original work.) 

A blending of the gyrus temporalis medius (T. 2) with the 
Lobulus tuberis (P. 2!) (gyrus augularis of authors) is pre- 
vented by a fissure. 

The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) is not distinct from the hori- 
gontalis (ho), and it also connects with the scissura hippo- 
campi (h, Fig. II]). The s. collateralis (cl, Fig. II) 
scarcely reaches the sczssura hippocampi (h). 

The gyri lingualis and fusiformis (Lg and Fs) are directed 
almost entirely median-wise and slightly downward so that 
the cerebrum in the middle cranial fossa rests upon the 
tentorium more by an edge than by a surface. 


Antero-posterior chord, ° : é ‘ 14.8 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ ; ° ‘ : 24.6 
Anterior curve, . ; ‘ ; 15.8 
Middle curve, . ° ; ° ‘ 3.7 
Posterior curve, ‘ , . ‘ 5.1 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralts (c) is in direct communication with the /. 
Sylvit (S) and anteriorly with the s. frontalis superior Cf. 1) 
and is not entirely independent posteriorly of the zwterparietalis 
(ip). The s. frontalis perpendicularis (f. 3) upon the surface 
is not separated from the fi. Sy/viz. In the gyrus frontalis 
superior (F. 1) there are intercommunicating primary and 
secondary fissures and the vertical cross which communicates 
with the s. cextralis may be looked upon as connected with 
the primary and secondary fissures. An interesting peculiarity 
of this cerebral hemisphere is, that the f. Sy/vi¢ (S) extends 


OBSERVATION II. 43 


to the point of the external border of the base of the frontal 
lobe and entirely defines the orbital lobe (Ob) from the gyri 
of the external and upper surface. The orbital lobe (Ob) has 
no sulcus orbitalis cruciata, but in its place a deep fissure which 
communicates also with the fi Sylvii. The interparietalis 
(ip) unites with both the f Sy/vzi and the s. occipitalis hort- 
zontalis (ho). 

The condition of the s. Seipinilts superior (t. 1) is peculiar. 
It ends in the f. Sy/vii (S) just before this gives off the ramus 
posterior (S’) and as the lower occipital fissure (g) rises from 
the first temporal fissure (t. 1) it is thereby indirectly united 
with the horizontal portion of the fi Sy/vzz. 

The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) is separated from the horizon- 
talis (ho) only by an extremely thin bit of gyrus. The f. 
calcarina (cc) is very short. 

The connecting bit between the gyre lingualis and fusti- 
formis (Lg and Gf) is bent at the medial border, to a right 
angle. In the same manner the transition of the medial basal 
lobes (H and U) is very abrupt, falling off through an ante- 
riorly inclined wall, and as the occipital lobe is deeply bent, the 
basilar lobe (Lg and Fs) form a very sharply curved and down- 
wardly directed surface. 

The gyvt lingualis and fustformis appear altogether very 
short. 


Antero-posterior chord, ° ° . ° 14.6 
Hemispheric arch, ; ° ; ‘ “ioe oe 
Anterior curve, , ‘ ‘ : 13.6 
Middle curve, . ° ‘ ; : 7.4 
Posterior curve, . “ean : 5.4 


44 OBSERVATION II, 


SKULL. 
Cubic contents, 138.0. 
Horizontal circumf., .  5§1.0| Transv. and longit.circum., 84.0 
Ear circumf, . .  31.2|Facial height, . i TY 
Greatest length, . - 17.5| Frontal, ; ; ; 6.1 


Greatest breadth, » -147|Nasal,. é 5.4 
Frontal curve, . .  13.6|Ear and root-of-nose 
Parietal curve, . aie: eae radius, Pee St 





Occipital curve, . -  10.3|Ear-occiput radius, . 9.7 
. Occipital shortening, . 1.7 
pfr—11.3 prfl—14.9. pfl—1o.9_ plfr—1z4.0o.? 

Sagittal sutures and region of bregma partially obliterated, 
also the lower portion of the coronal suture, especially on the 
right. Also the sutures between the pterygoid processes of 
the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone are mostly effaced. 

A symmetric, rather markedly shortened, somewhat small 
and broad skull, 





APPENDIX TO OBSERVATION II. 

Ricut: Thecadlloso-marginalis (cm) communicates with the 
s. cructatus of the praecuneus (Q) and this last with the parieto- 
occipitalts (po). (See Table II, Fig. III.) 

The external orbital sulcus springs from the fossa Sylvii 
(S) and all three parts inter-communicate (at places very 
shallow). Orbital lobe (Ob) much dwarfed and for the most 
part covered by the middle basilar lobe (U and H),. 

Lert: The calloso-marginalis (cm) is plainly separated 
from the fissure of the precuneus, and these from the parieto- 
occipitalis (po), although not by broad intervals. 

The orbital lobe (Ob) stunted : fissura orbitalis has not the 
cross-formation. : 

The external orbital fissure extends from the fossa Sylviz 
to the frontal extremity. 





1 T have taken a large number of chords and curves, only a few of which, more 
especially the characteristic ones, are mentioned. 
* p. tuber parietalis, f. tuber frontalis. r. right. 1. left. 


OBSERVATION III. 





(TABLE IIL) — 


KUSS (Johann), Servian; low grade of intelligence, taciturn, iracible 
individual, outrageous in language, and when at liberty, a drunk- 
ard. He shot and killed his son because he admonished him 
concerning his intemperance, and he also threatened to kill 
another son. git. 





Cerebellum incompletely covered. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE (TABLE III, FIGS. I-III). 

S. centralis (c) full profile view, is not separated from the 
Ff. Sylvit. The s. frontalis perpendicularis Cf. 3) is in the 
same manner connected with the f. Sy/vzz. 

The gyrus frontalis superior (F. 1).is divided through its 
middle part by the secondary fissure (¢).. By this means 
there exists here a niarked indication of the “ four convolution 
type. ” 

The s. frontalis perpendicularis is composed of three parts, 
the lowest one of which represents the sulc. front. perp. (f. 3), 
_ the central one the radiating branch of the s. frontalis superior 
(f. 1), and the upper one the pes age branch of the second- 
ary fissure (¢). 

This last predominates over the jissura frontalis superior. 
The perpendicular frontal fissure is completely dissevered 
from the inferior frontal fissure (f. 2), and the latter has at its 
anterior extremity a further radiating fissure. (See Fig. 1.) 

The sulcus interparietalis (ip) is united with the fissura 
Sylvit (S and S’). There is also an extensive communica- 
tion with the sulcus temporalts superior (t. 1) at 3. 


(45) 


46 


OBSERVATION III 


OBSERVATION III. 
Kuss, JoHANN—Murderer. 


(Servian.) 


A : 2 


er 
we TN 
SS 


NEN SSX \ Si 
\ N \\ S \N 
WN 


\ 
WSN 


x SAN hee NVA 
\\ Nel " 
K Hy 


: _ R a SS YY 

Ss. SS 
3S 

SS . EN 


S 


pea AN \ 
IQ Qn 
\ SN \N 


MM NS \S 


SS 





OBSERVATION IIL, 


\ 
\\ 


\\y 
\\\\ \inte 
\\ WN \\) 


"% ae \\ \ 
He MN 


by 


(hi we ve 





AS 


IS 
\ 


WN ~~ ANASSS 
iy, WHOS, 


Ne \\\ 
“AN \ 
A NN 


AAAs 


III, 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F, 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F, 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2)—Gyrus Anguldris (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Precuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S/!,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus, 

T.1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 





T. 2,—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus, 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 

f. 1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 

f. 3—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis, 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior, 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior. 
gy.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 


48 OBSERVATION III. 


The sulcus temporalis superior (t. 1) communicates at its 
rise (4, Fig. II) with the Sy/vzz (S), and at 3, as already men- 
tioned, with the s. zzterparietalts (ip). 

The s. sollateralis (cl) communicates with the scissura 
hippocampi (h) and also with the ficalcarina. From the deep 
and many branched fissures in the gyrus fusiformis and 
lingualis (Fs and Lg) there result insular formations more 
numerous than is often offered for observation. The middle 
basilar lobe (H and U) is also extensively divided by trans- 
verse fissures from the gyri fusiformis and lingualis. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is united with the f. calcarina 
(cc) and with the sczssura hippocampi. 

The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) is in direct communication 
with the f. horizontalis (ho), and so therefore with the cuter 
parictalis, superior temporalis (t. 1) and the sylvian (S’). 


Antero-posterior chord, . ‘ ; ° 15.0 
Hemispheric arch, . ‘ : : ‘ 25.0 
Anterior curve, . ; , ‘ 13.2 
Middle curve, ; j : é 5.2 
Posterior curve, . é ° ‘ 6.6 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) is plainly separated from the fi Sylvit 
(S) by a thin bit of gyrus. In the upper third of both the 
anterior and posterior central gyri (A and B) are extensive 
depression formations.’ (“ Dellenbildungen.”) The gyrus 
frontalis superior (F¥.1) is divided by sagittal fissure forma- 
tions into two gyri. The s. txterparietalis is divided into an 
anterior and a posterior branch, the anterior branch not being 





1 In a triangular space marked off in front by the upper and middle fron- 
tal gyri and posteriorly by the upper half of the gyrus centralis anterior, there 
are two Y-shaped fissures. The upper one corresponds exactly to the usual 
depression of the upper third of the gyrus centralis anterior and by one of 
its branches connects with the central fissure (c). Both of the Y-fissures, with 
the stem and the anterior prong of the Y, represent in a greater or less 
degree, perpendicular fissures, which run parallel with the sulcus frontalis perpen- 
dicularis. One of these perpendicular branches extends barely to the szdcus 
frontalis superior, and the second (that is the upper one) that seems to result from 
the development of the depression (“delle”) extends nearly to a secondary 
fissure of the gyrus fronialis superior. 


OBSERVATION III. 49 


distinctly separated from the vamus posterior fissure Sylvii 
and.connects by two parallel branches with the s. temporalis 
supertor (t. 1). 

The anterior branch of the ¢xterparietalis, by means of an 
ascending branch, represents a vetrocentralis, and here it is 
also clearly seen that it is partly accomplished through the 
development of fissures in the depression (delle) of the upper 
third of the gyrus centralis posterior. The parieto-occipitalis 
(po) is in direct communication on the one hand with the 
occipitalis horizontalis (ho), and on the other hand with the 
scissura hippocampi and s. collateralts. 

The middle basilar lobe is but slightly fissured. 


Antero-posterior chord, . : ; : 16.4 
Hemispheric arch, . ree : ; 23.6 
Anterior curve, . : ; ; 12.6 
Middle curve, ets ‘ : 5.5 
Posterior curve, . ‘ : F 5.5 





APPENDIX TO OBSERVATION III. 
KUSS. 


RIGHT: s.cruciatus of the precuneus (Q) connects with 
the parieto-occiprtalis (po), but not with the calloso-marginalis 
(cm). | 

It connects with a.sagittal fissure which well separates the 
precuneus from the gyrus fornicatus. 

The sulcus orbttalis (ob) communicates with the fossa 
Sylvit (S). 

The external orbital fissure is composed of two pieces: the 
anterior piece separates the base from the middle frontal 
gyrus (F.2). The posterior portion is an incision from the 
fossa Sylvit, The middle part not distinct. 

Lert: The cadloso-marginalis (cm) communicates through 
the fissures of the precuneus (Q) with the parieto-occipitalis 
(po). 

4 


50 OBSERVATION III. 


Moreover, the calloso-marginalis (cm) sends off a branch 
which well separates the precuneus (Q) from the gyrus for- 
' picatus (Gf), (See Table III, Fig. III.) 

Of the external orbital fissure only the anterior part exists, 
which separates the base from the middle frontal gyrus 


CF. 2). 


OBSERVATION IV. 





(TABLE IV.) 


PERUDINACZ, Nicolaus, aet. 60, Servian peasant. Killed his son, 
who had advised him to live temperately. 





The cerebellum is but just covered by the occipital lobes. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE (TABLE IV, FIG. I-III). 

The s. centralis (c) communicates at 6 with the s. frontalts 
superior (f. 1) as also with the inferior (f. 2) and perpendicular 
(f.3). Thes. front. perpen. (£. 3) is divided into two parts. 
The lower part, marked in the figure with f. 3, stands in the 
angle between the horizontal part (S) and the anterior ramus 
(S’’) of the fissura Sylviz,. The upper part constitutes the 
radiating branch of the s. front. tnferior (f. 2) and communi- 
cates with the s, centralis (c). 

The lower portion of the s. frontalis perpen. (f. 3) unites 
with the ramus anterior fissure Sylvit (S!"). 

From the above mentioned two communications between 
the s. centralis and the frontal fissures, the gyrus centralis 
antertor (A) has lost its lobe character; it really consists of 
three separate pieces which represent looped extensions from 
each of the gyri frontales (Fig. I). 

The gyrus frontalis superior (f. 1) has deep secondary 
fissures (¢). 

The upper third of the gyrus centralis Posterior (B, Fig. IT.) 

is poorly developed. 

The zzterparietalis (ip) which is developed into a retrocen- 
traits, is divided into anterior and posterior halves. At 1, 


(51) 


52 OBSERVATION IV. 


‘ OBSERVATION IV. 
PERUDINACZ, NicoLaus—Murderer. 


(Servian.) 


\\" i \\ 


© \} Nw we 
&) gis 4 Je p) > 
WY ww 


Ki eg Sar, 
Nl \ fh 


\F rN < rc <a 
\ ea we 


AS 


a as Gi 
fj 16 & Ap" 


> ISNY x ) 
AN *¢ ‘ a fe a a if = \ 
M : Bh ne SQN A i. \\ yf 





OBSERVATION IV. 


UY \ \\ 


(Vey 
lr NN 


Wy, 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F. 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F, 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis, 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus, 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis.. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior, 

P, 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Preecuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S'.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S!,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus, 

T. 1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 





53 


\ 


\ 


\ 
DN 


T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 
cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis, 

f. 1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior, 

f. 3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus, 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior. 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior, 
y.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 





54 OBSERVATION IV. 


Fig. II, it sends a continuation over the medial border which 
at 1, Fig. III, enters the s. cadloso-marginalis (cm), that is, 
into the swdcus cruciatus which unites with the s. ca/loso-margin- 
alts, 

The s. temporalis superior (t. 1) communicates by its initial 
portion with the f Sy/vzz (S’) and the posterior part of the 
interparietalis (ip) and indirectly also with the horizontal and 
perpendicular occipital fissures (ho and po). | 

The perpendicularis (po) communicates with the orizontalts 
(ho). 

On the medial surface (Fig. III) the s. calloso-marginalis 
exists, composed of two non-communicating fissures (cm and 
c1,mt). The first, as before observed, connects with the 
sulcus cruciatus and at I with the zuzterparietalis (ip). 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) communicates with the s. co/- 
lateralis (cl). 

RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) is separated from the f. Sy/vzz (S) only 
by a small bit of gyrus. The middle and upper thirds of the 
gyrus centralis anterior (A) consist of a simple connecting 
strip between the upper and middle gyrz frontales (F. 1, F. 2). 
In the same manner also the lower third appears as a double 
twisted piece of gyrus from the gyrus frontalis inferior (F. 3). 
This lower third of the gyrus centralis anterior (A) instead of 
presenting a depression (delle) is divided by a deep fissure 
into anterior and posterior parts. Each one of these parts 
connects by a thin bit of gyrus with the lowest part of the 
gyrus centralis posterior (B). The upper connecting piece of 
it does not appear upon the surface, whilst the lower is repre- 
sented by the piece of gyrus which separates the s. centralis 
(c) from the f. Sylviz (S). 

The s. centralis (c) communicates with the s. frontal perpen. 
(£. 3) and also with the s. frontalis inferior (f. 2). The s. front. 
perp. (£. 3) is not clearly separated on the surface from the 
ramus anterior fissure Sylvit (S"). A vertical branch from 
the upper frontal fissure forms the upper portion of a precen- 
tralis. The gyrus centralis posterior (B) is slightly developed, 
especially in its upper two-thirds and has more the appearance 


OBSERVATION IV. 55 


of annectants than an independent gyrus. The s. ¢uterpar- 
zetalis (ip) blends with the f Sy/vzz (S) and does not extend 
to the f. parieto-occipitalis (po). The sic sagpeomata forms a 
very pronounced vetrocentralis. 

The s. cemporalis superior (t. 1) has only. a very superficial 
communication with the f. Sy/viz (S) and more with the f£ 
parieto-occipitalis (po). By two branches running backwards 
from the, upper temporal fissure (t. 1) the gyrus temporalis 
medius (T. 2) is prevented uniting with the Jobulus tuberis 
(P. 2’) (Gyrus Angularis). The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) is 
connected with the f. korizontalis only by a very shallow 
fissure. The f. calcarina (cc) very poorly developed. 

The posterior branch of the s. temporalis superior (t. 1) 
blended with the s. occipitalis inferior, encircles at the base of 
the brain, the lodulé lingualis and fusiformis and connect with 
the s. collateralis and extends almost to the medial basal border. 
An extreme anterior part of this fissure here represents the 
jissura fusiformis. By an angular bent, deep fissure which 
unites with the s. collateralis (cl) the gyri uncinatus and hippo- 
campi are rather sharply separated from the basilar occipital 
lobe. Upon this side the s. calloso-marginalis terminates more 
typically. It embraces the gyrus paracentralis fork-like, but 
with a lower branch it reaches the fissure between the corpus 
callosum and gyrus corporis callost ( fornicatus). 

ON THE RIGHT: gyrus orbitalis short. An external orbital 
fissure, deep at places, separating the orbital gyrus from the 
frontal lobe communicates with the f. Sy/vzz and extends to 
the extreme anterior end of the frontal lobe. Parallel with 
this runs a short projection from the f. Sy/vzz. 

ON THE LEFT: external orbital fissure composed of three 
parts and at places deep. 


Antero-posterior chord, . “senegtiet ; 14.9 
Hemispheric arch, ° ‘ ‘ : , 23.2 
Anterior curve, : : ‘ : 13.0 
Middle curve, .. , ‘ , 6.0 


Posterior curve, . ‘ ‘. ° ° 4.2 


56 OBSERVATION IV. 


SKULL. 
Cubic contents, 87.2. . 

Horizont. circumf., . 52.5} Facial hight, ; , 2S 
Ear—circumf.,, . .. 33.6) Feontalsot rn. bas ‘ 5.8 
Greatest length, . o Bo lNasatk Act wig : 5.5 
Greatest breadth, . 15.7|Ear—nasal-root radius, 11.9 
Frontal curve, . . 13.0} Ear occipit ef ; 9.1 
Parietal “ : .  13.5|Occipital shortening, . 2.8 
Occipital “ . oF ED 





The sutures throughout are almost effaced. 
Extreme type of bracho-cephalic skull with great occipital 
shortening. 


OBSERVATION V. 





(TABLE V. FIG. L-IIl.) ~ 


SINKA, Karl, aet. 42, Magyar, artist, bank-note counterfeiter, 





Cerebellum barely covered by the occipital lobe. 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE (FIG. I-III) 

S. centralis (c) connects with fi Sylvzz (S). 

Middle third of gyrus centralis anterior, (A) through a deep 
incision of the superior frontal sulcus, (f. 1) poorly developed. 

Lnterparietalis (ip) connects with f. occipitalis horizontalis 
(ho). At 3, Fig. II, may be seen a deep operculose con- 
struction which necessarily impoverishes both upper thirds of 
the posterior central gyrus (B) and also the first and second 
parietal lobules (P. 1, P. 2). By a branch which extends back- 
wards at 3, Fig. II, the s. zuterparietalis is put in shallow 
connection with the ramus posterior fissure Sylvit (S’). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) communicates at 2, Fig. I, 
with the f. Sylvzt (S) and at 4, Fig. II, by a shallow fissure 
with the fi occipitalis horizontalis (ho) and the tnterparietalis 
Cp). 

The s. temporalis superior (t. 1) by two branches (5 and 6, 
Fig. I) which extend backwards and unite in form of an 
arch, descends to the base and at 7, Fig. III, communicates 
with the s. collateralts (cl). 

The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) is plainly separated from the 
hovizontalis though only by a thin bit of gyrus. 

The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) communicates by way of the 


(57) 


OBSERVATION V. 


58 


) 


(Magyar. 


Karit—Counterfeiter. 


i 


OBSERVATION V. 


SINKA, 


it 
Sx 
| WG 


AiR QCSS 
NG et cS] 
NN NOK 


NW 
Tm 
? 


——— 


\\ A 


\ 


h 


‘a i \ 


WK 





OBSERVATION V. 


59 





III. 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 
B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior: 
Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F, 1—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F, 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 
Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 
Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 
P, 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2)—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). . 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przcuneus). 
S.—Fissura Sylvii. . 
S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 
S/,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus. 
T. 1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior, 





T. 2.—Gyrus Temporatis Medius. 
T.3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis,— 
cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 

cl—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 
f.1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f.2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 
f.3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 

s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior, 
t.2—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior. © 


: g.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 


‘60 OBSERVATION V, 


fissures of the precuneus (Q) at 8, Fig. III, with the s. calloso- 
marginalis (cm). (This connection is plain in the photograph 
but is not represented in the outline of German Edition.) 
The anterior (k) and inferior (g) occipital fissures (Wer- 
nicke’s f. and s. occipito-temporalis) are poorly developed. 

The medial portion of the parietal lobe, that is, the precu- 
neus (Q, Fig. IID) is impoverished by strong fissure formations, 
so that of the entire parietal lobe, the /obulus tuberis (angularts) 
(p. 2’) is the only part not dwarfed. 

The cuneus (cu, Fig. III) is similar in character to the pre- 
cuneus (Q). 

The middle basilar lobe (U and H) is also impoverished to 
ahigh degree so that it seems only to furnish a point of 
junction between the gyrus temporalis inferior (T. 3) and ‘the 
two gyri of the basilar occipital lobe (Fs and Lg). The sepa- 
ration of the middle and posterior basilar lobe is indicated. 


Antero-posterior chord, , ; ; : 15.6 

Horizontal arch, . ; . ° : : 21.5 
Anterior curve, . . ; ; ; 12.5 
Middle curve, . : ; > ; 4.5. 
Posterior curve,  . ‘ é oo eras 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 
S. centralis (c) again ill-separated from the f. Sy/viz and the 
two upper thirds of the gyri centrales barely developed. 
Thes. frontalis perp. Cf. 3) blends with the fossa Sylviz. The 


s. frontalis superior (£. 1) exhibits at both its anterior and pos- 


terior ends decided operculose development, so that thereby 
the upper two-thirds of the gyrus centralis anterior (A) and also 
the gyrus frontalis medius (F. 3) are markedly dwarfed. 

The gyrus frontalis inferior (F. 3) is greatly stunted. The 
gyrus frontalis superior (F, 1) in nearly its entire extent is 
divided into two parts so that we could really almost speak of 
four frontal gyri. Through a large vertical branch of the s. 
frontalis superior (f. 1) there results an upper part of a praecen- 
tralis. 

The s. interparietalis (ip) shows a decided operculose forma- 
tion from whence comes a poor development of the upper 


—~— 
- 


OBSERVATION V. 61 


‘two-thirds of the gyrus centralis posterior (B), and also of the 
first and partly of the second parietal lobules (P. 1, and P. 2). 
The radial portion of the zuterparietalis does not join the 
sagittal. 

The s. cemporalis superior (t. 1) unites with the zuterparie- 
talis (ip) through a deep fissure which enters the second 
parietal gyrus obliquely upwards and forwards and it is not 
clearly separated from the f. occipitalis horizontalis (ho). | 

Two curved branches of the s. zemp. sup. (t. 1) running 
backwards and downwards are separated from that fissure by 
small bits of gyri, at the same time they separate the middle 
and posterior basilar lobe from the temporal and occipital 
lobes. The inferior occipital fissure (g) is united with 
Wernicke’'s fissura fusiformis (Fs). 

The communication between the perpendicular and horizon- 
tal occipital fissures is in this case a very deep one. The 
perpendicularis (po) has no connection with the stunted f£ 
calcarina (same as in apes). The middle basilar lobe (U and — 
H) has a construction similar to the other side. 

The s. calloso-marginalis (cm) of this side-communicates 
also with the f. parieto-occipitalis (po) by way of the s. crucia- 
tus (of the precuneus). 

External orbital fissure on both sides indistinct. Left or- 
bital gyrus narrow. 


Antero-posterior chord, See . ‘ 15.5 
Hemispheric arch, ; : : : ; 22.0 
Anterior curve, : . ° é 14.5 
Middle curve, . ‘ : , ‘ 3.05 


Posterior curve, ° : : ' 4.04 


62 OBSERVATION V, 


' SKULL—CONTENTS. 
Horiz. circumf., é 52.0| Transv. and antero-post. 
Ear circum., . . 31.0| circum.,--— - - 84.1 


Greatest lergth, ; 17.6| Facial hight, é 11.3 
Greatest breadth, . 14.8| Frontal hight, . ‘ 5.6 
Frontal curve, . ‘ 13.4| Nasal hight, . . 5.7 
Parietal curve, . : 10.0 
Occipital curve, ’ 12.2 
Baie C2 » aaa 12.8 


Ear nasal-spine radius r. 





6 s 11.7% 


Sil ‘ , ; 1.0: 
Ear nasal-root radiusr., ‘ ; 11.9 
1, : Pe ae eo, 
Ear-occipital radius, . . . 10.6 
Occipital shortening, . 1.2 


pfir—11. 1; pfl—1io.0; prfl—14.2; plfr—13.2. 


Sphenoidal sutures on both sides almost extinct. The 
sagittal suture also excepting its anterior portion; the coronal 
suture in places, and the lamboidal suture, especially on the 
left, in greater part obliterated. 

Extreme type of bracho-cephalic skull with a high douree of 
asymetry of facial base and the tubera, and an extreme short- 
ening of the parietal curve. 

Corresponding with the shortening of the parietal curve the 
parietal lobes are extremely dwarfed. 


OBSERVATION VI. 





(TABLE VI) 


MAGLENOV, Gregor; aet. about 40, Servian, murdered a relation 
through revenge. Slightly developed intellect. As a prisoner, good 
natured. 





The right cerebellum is not covered by the cerebrum and 
the outer border, on both sides is exposed (I have a photo- 
graph which exhibits this relation in the undivided encephalon). 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE (TABLES VI, FIG. I-III). 

The lower third of the gyrus centralis posterior (B) is com- 
pletely divided by a fissure (at 4, Fig. II) and thereby a com- 
munication is established between the s. cextralis (c) and the 

Ff. Sylvit (S). 

Both central gyri are poorly developed. The s. frontalis 
perpendic. (f. 3) penetrates deeply into the base. Thes. front- 
alis superior (f. 1) sends an extension into the gyrus centralis 
anterior (A) which extends almost to the s. centralis (c). 
The s. frontalis inferior (f. 2, see Fig. I) is composed of an 
anterior and a posterior part; the anterior connects with the 
perpendicular (f. 3) and the superior (f. 1) frontal sulci; the 
posterior with the f. Sy/vz¢ (S") and the latter unites with all 
three of the sudcz frontales (Fig. 1). 

The zuterparietalis (ip) connects with the \Jorisontalis (ho), 
it emerges from the fossa Sy/vii and at 2, Fig. II, communi- 
cates with the s. temporalis superior (t. 1). 

The s. temporalts superior (t. 1) communicates not only with 
the znterparietalis (ip) at 2, but also at 5, Fig. II, with the f. 

(63) 


) 


lan 


GREGOR—Murderer. 


OBSERVATION VI. 
(Serv 


OBSERVATION VI. 


MAGLENOV, 


64 


SAG 


KAO 


\Y 
\\ 


\ 
\ 


\\ 


\) 


a 
WN 


B.S \ \ 





OBSERVATION VI. 





65 


\ SS SY . 
SSS S 
\ . "ys 
Ons 
. 


III. 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior, 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F. 1—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F. 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2)—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przecuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S/.—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus. 

T. 1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 


| cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. > 





T. 2,—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 

f. 1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 

f. 3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Gccipitalis. 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior. 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior, 
g.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 


66 OBSERVATION VI. 


Sylviz, Besides this, it sends several branches backwards and 
downwards, one of which, (3, Fig. II) by a tortuous, shallow 
way, Fig. III, reaches the s. collateralis (c 1). 

The parteto-occipitalis (po) is united to the horizontals (ho. 
Fig. I and II), also by shallow fissures with the sczssura hippo- 
campt (h, Fig. II1) and through deep fissures with the s. 
cructatus. 

The s. collateralis (c. 1) has also a shallow connection with 
the sczssura hippocampi (h, Fig. III). 

The middle basilar lobe is extremely dwarfed and is trans- 
versely separated from the posterior basilar lobe. 


Antero-posterior chord, . ° ‘ : 15.9 
Hemispheric arch, re ; ° ; 21.0 
Anterior curve, ‘ . ‘ : 11.7 
Middle curve, . i ‘ ; 4.2 
Posterior curve, ; : . : 5.0 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

S. centralis (c) incompletely separated from the f Sylvit (S) 
and unite with the vetrocentrals. 

The s. frontalis perpend., (f.3) arises from the fossa Sylvti and 
with the vertical branch of the sulcus frontalis superior (E. 1) 
forms a precentralts. 

The gyrus frontalis sup. (F. 1) is divided in its entire length, 
so that there results a complete “four-convolution” type. 

Frontal cerebrum stunted. 

The zuterparictalis (ip) is divided into two pieces. The an- 
terior piece, combined with the fissure system of the depres- 
sion of the upper third of the gyrus centralis posterior (B), 
forms a vetrocentralis which communicates with the s. cextralis 
(c). 

The s. cemporalis superior (t. 1) indistinctly developed. 

The s. occipitalis inferior (g) flows into the fissura fusiformis 
(Fs) and so together they separate the outer surface of the 
temporal and the occipital lobe from the middle and posterior 
basilar lobe. This common fissure makes avery shallow com- 
munication with the s. collaterals (cl) which is shallow. 

The f. parieto-occ. (po) is in direct communication with the 


OBSERVATION VI. 67 


horizontalis (ho) and also with the scissura hippocampi and has 
a shallow connection with the s. cruciatus of the precuneus (Q). 

A separation of the middle from the posterior basilar lobe 
indicated. 

The paracentral lobe well defined. 

Lert: There are three parts ofan external orbital fissure, 
the anterior one of which separates the orbital gyrus (ob) 
from the gyrus frontalis medius (F. 2); the posterior and mid- 
dle parts separate the gyr. front. med. from the gyrus frontalis 
inferior (F. 3). The posterior one constitutes a third lower 
branch of the f. Sy/viz, Ricur: External orbital fissure only 
indicated. | 


Antero-posterior chord, ; ; ‘ : 15.7 
Hemispheric arch, ; ‘ ‘ , : 21.0 
Anterior curve, ‘ ‘ : : 11.2, 

_ Middle curve, . : é "eee 5.6 

_ Posterior curve, ; ; ‘ -, 42 


In the skull, upon dissection, I found a high degree of 
asymetry in the posterior fossa. 


) 


\\ 


Ww 
\ 
NY 


Say cau 


RAR 


\\ 


SERVATION VII. 


s 
Cz 
~ 


65 


OBSERVATION VII. 


THEODOR—Murderer. 


PAUNOVICZS, 


(Servian. 


\\ 


\ 


\ 


\ | . 


\ 
is 


\i 





OBSERVATION VII. 


Yi, 


Ye: 
WY iy, 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F, 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F, 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior, 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. ¢ 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P, 2/.—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). ) 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przcuneus), 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus, 

S!,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus. 

T. 1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 





N\S 





T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 
cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. , 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis, 
f.1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 


f.3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 


h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
s, cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior, 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior. 
g.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 


OBSERVATION VII. 





(TABLE VII) 


PAUNOVICZS, Theodor, Servian, aet. 30; formerly a laborer. After a 
protracted night-quarrelin an inn, he shot his antagonist with a 
gun which he procured forthat purpose. Slight intellectual devel- 
opment, 9 





Left cerebellum incompletely covered. 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE (TABLE VII, FIG. I-III). 


S. centralis (c) does not connect with f. Sy/vii (S). The 
upper two-thirds of the gyri centrales (A and B) poorly de- 
veloped. On account of the upper third of the gyrus centralis 
posterior (B) descending below the level of the gyrus, there 
occurs at i, Fig II, a junction of the s. cextralis (c) with the 
enterpartetalis (ip). 

The s. front. perpen (f. 3) communicates with the f. Sy/viz 
(S) and is developed into a precentralis. 

The gyrus fronialis medius (F. 2) is entirely insulated and 
the gyrus frontalis superior (F.1) is by means of two fissures 
(g. 4). divided into two gyri (Fig. I). The interparietalis 
(ip, Fig. II) which forms a well marked vetvocentralis is not 
clearly separated from the f. Sy/viz (S) (Fig. I), and as before | 
mentioned, unites at i, Fig. II with the s. cextralis (c) and is 
connected also with the Aorizonztalts (ho, Fig. II). 

The s. zemporahs superior (t. 1) communicates at 2, Fig. I, 
with the 7. Syfvez (S’) and extends over into the broad ovi- 
zontalis (ho, Fig, I). 

‘Wernicke’s fissure (k) and the lower occipital fissure (g) 

(70) 


OBSERVATION VII, 71 


communicate with each other and are well formed. The 
horizontalis (ho) which has an enormous depth, joins, deep 
down, with the parteto-occipitalis (po) (Fig. 1). 

Viewed from beneath, the middle basilar lobe does not rise 
much above the anterior one. The gyri lingualis and fusz- 
JSormis imperfectly separated. The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) 
extends deeply into them, so that the entire occipital lobe 
hangs as it were ona thin inner stem. The s. calloso-mar- 
ginalis (cm) connects at S. with the sczssura hippocampi (h) by 
way of the s. cruciatus of the precuneus. The border between 
the middle and posterior basilar lobe is sharp and ascends 
steeply at the rear. 


Antero-posterior chord, ; , : , 15.7 
Hemispheric arch, : : ‘ : ‘ 23.0 
Anterior curve, ‘ F ° ° 14.0 
Middle curve, . . F ? 3.0 
Posterior curve, é ‘ e P 6.0 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 


S. centralis (c) does not communicate with f. Sy/vzz (S), but 
in place of this it communicates with the zuterparietalis (ip) 
and the s. frontalis superior (f.1). The s. frontal. perpend. (E. 3) 
connects through the s. frontalis inferior with the ramus 
anterior fissure Sylvii (S") and forms a well defined pr@cen- 
tralts. 

The iuterparietalis (ip) forms a vetrocentralis which com- 
municates, as before remarked, with the s.centralis (c), f. Sy/- 
vit (S), and temporalis superior (t.1). The f parieto-occipitalis 
(po) is poorly separated from the orzzontalis (ho) and this 
last incompletely from the s. zemporalis superior (t. 1). 

The lower occipital fissure (g) and the fissura fusiformis 
(t. 3) are joined to each other but are not well developed. They 
have a double connection with the s. collaterals (cl). Here, 
as upon the other side, the separation of the middle from the 
posterior basilar lobe is indicated by a short transverse branch 
of the s. collateralis (cl). The calloso-marginalis (cm) com- 
municates with the f. parteto-occepstalss (po). 

The jissura orbitalis (ob) on both sides is very complicated. 


72 OBSERVATION VII. ‘ 


An external orbital fissure as the boundary between the orbital 
gyrus (Ob) and the outer frontal lobe, exists on both sides. 
The right fissura orbitalis is composed of three parts, the pos- 
terior one emanating from the fossa Sylvit. 

On the left the external orbital fissure is formed by three 
parts which have shallow communications with each other, 
and the posterior part communicates with the fossa Sylviz. 


Antero-posterior chord, : ° : ; 16.0 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ é . . ; 24.3 
Anterior curve, 2 i > : 13.5 


Middle curve, . ‘ : ; ; 5.3 
Pocterior curve, ° ° . ‘ 5.5 


OBSERVATION VIII. 





(TABLE VIII). 


FACZUNA, Gipsy, confirmed thief. 





Protruding occipital lobes of the cerebellum, especially upon 
the right side. 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE (TABLE VIII, FIGS. I-III). 


The s. centralis (c) (See photograph of Fig. I) is not sep- 
arated from the f, Sy/viz (S) and at I, unites with the s. fron- 
tal. perpend. (f. 3) and, through a depression in the gyrus 
centralis posterior (B), with the zzterparietalis (ip). The s. 
Front. perp. . 3) forms a precentralis, as does the iuterpari- 
etalis a retrocentralts. i 

The middle and lower frontal gyri are separated from each 
other only in their anterior parts. 

The zuterparietalis (ip) joins at 2, Fig. I, with the fi Sy/viz 
and is in connection with the f~. occipttalis horizontalis (ho). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) has no communication 
with the sylvian fissure, as the fissures at 4 and 5 (Fig. II) 
are very shallow. The connection of the iuterparietalis (ip) 
with the horizontalts (ho) is in reality entirely superficial. 

The middle temporal gyrus (T. 2) is separated from the 
lobulus tuberis (P. 2') (Gyrus angularis?). ~ 

The f. parieto-occipitalis (po) is not well separated from the 
horizontalis (ho) and tuterparietalis (ip) and is connected with 
the sczssura hippocampi (h). This last is the case also (6, 
Fig. III) with the s. collateralis (cl). 

(73) 


OBSERVATION VIII. 


74 


OBSERVATION VIII. 


ZIGEUNER—Confirmed Thief, 


FACZUNA, 


) 


ipsey. 


(G 


f 


? 


v 


\ 





OBSERVATION VIII, 


75 





A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior, 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum, 

F. 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F. 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. * 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2,—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2.—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przcuneus). 

§.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S'.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S'.—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus. 

T.1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 





T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. wi) 
c.—Sulcus Centralis. 
cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 


cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis, 

f. 1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 
f.3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior. 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior, 
g.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 


76 OBSERVATION VIII 


The occipital basilar lobe (Lg and Fs) is entirely flat and 
the apex of the occiput is on a level with the middle basilar 
lobe. The boundary between the middle and under basilar 
lobe is indicated by transverse fissures. 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) aswell also as the fusiformis (fs) are 
~ well developed. 

The s. calloso-marginalis (cm) thoroughly separates the gyrus 
JSornicatus (Gf) from the precuneus (Q). 


Antero-posterior chord, ‘ A AP 16.6 
Hemispheric arch, SH haa ‘ ~ , 250-3 
Anterior curve, . ° ; ‘ A 14.0 
Middle curve, . . ; . A 5.0 
Posterior curve, ; ; - ; 6.0 
yo LEFT HEMISPHERE. 


The s. centralis (c) communicates with the fi Sylviz (S) 
and the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1). The perpendicular frontal 
sulcus (f. 3) arises from the f. Sy/vzz. A sulcus frontalis tn- 
ferior (f. 2) is not distinct. ! 

The zuxtesparietalis constitutes a well constructed vetvoden- 
tralis and connects with the orizontalis (ho). It also com- 
municates with the f. Sy/vzz (S) and is imperfectly separated 
from the s. centralis (c). 

In its lower section, the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) sepa- 
rates into two parts, the lower one of which communicates 
with the f. Sy/vzz. 

The f. parieto-occ. (po) is well separated from the hovinshe 
talis (ho) but imperfectly from the zzterparietalis (ip). Wer- 
nicke’s fissure (k) is united with the upper temporal sulcus 
(t. 1); is-well developed and connects with a slight expression 
of an inferior occipital fissure, (g) s. fus¢formis only indicated. 

The occipital basilar lobe (Fs—Lg) occupy almost the same 
level as the middle lobe, and the position of this is exception- 
ally—(as seen from beneath)—deeper than the anterior por- 
tion. 

The s. calloso-marginalis (cm) is well separated from the 
fissure of the precuneus (Q). 


OBSERVATION VIII. 


77 


Ricut: External orbital fissure exists without communica- 


tion with f. Sy/vzz. 


Lert: This fissure is composed of two parts, the posterior 


one of which arises from the fi Sy/viz. 


Antero-posterior chord, : : : 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ ‘ : ; 
Anterior curve, sitar. « . 
Middle curve, . F ‘ 3 
Posterior curve, ; i ‘ 
: ' SKULL—CONTENTS, 1,500 CM. 
Horizon. circum., . ; ‘ ; 
Ear circumference, : : 3 A 


Greatest length, . ° ‘ e ‘ 
Greatest breadth, . . ° ‘ ‘ 
Frontal curve, . ° . : : 
Parietal curve, . ° . ° 
Occipital curve, . . : ‘ 
Transverse and Antro-posterior Circus. 
Facial hight (Typical for Gipsy), . : 
Frontal hight, . . : ° ‘ 
Nasal hight, ‘ ° ; : 
Ear nasal-root radius, . . ° ‘ 
Ear occipital.radius, . . . : 
Occipital shortening (? F.), . ‘ ; 


No asymetry; slightly oxycephalic (pointed). 


16.9 
24.0 
14.3 
4.2 
5.5 


52.0 
32.0 
18.3 
14.0 
12.4 
12.8 
12.0 
76.5 
10.0 

6.0 

5.0 
11.0 
IL.I 
50.1 


Posterior 


portion of sagittal suture obliterated. Typical gipsy skull, 


somewhat oxycephalic, 


OBSERVATION IX. 


78 


OBSERVATION IX. 


Bupimcic, LukAs——Robber and Murderer. 


ian.) 


(Serv 


S 


\e 


\\ 
ish 


he 


\ 


A 
\\ 


>> 


\ 





OBSERVATION 


IX, 79 





A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F. 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F. 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior, 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lebulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P.2/—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przecuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S/.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus, 

S/!,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus. 

T.1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 





T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 

f. 1—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 
f.3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip——Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior. 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior, 
g.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis, 


OBSERVATION IX, 





(TABLE IX, FIG. I-III). 


BUDIMCIC, Lukas; aet, 27, Servian; highway robber and murderer, 
incapable of education. 





Cerebellum uncovered by occipital lobes, especially on the 
Ps LEFT HEMISPHERE (TABLE IX, FIG. I-III). 

The s. centralis (c) at 4, fig. 1, communicates with fL Sylvzz. 

The gyri centrales (A. B.) composed of thin folds. _ 

The s. frontalis perpend. (f. 3) communicates indirectly at 6, 
Fig. II (through the s. front. medius (f. 2) with the anterior 
branch of the f. Sy/vzz (S’’). 

The third frontal fissure (f. 3) is developed into a precen- 
tralis. In figs. I and II, the third frontal sulcus (f. 3) is seen 
to be in connection with an upper radical fissure which _repre- 
sents a vertical branch of a secondary fissure () in the upper 
frontal gyrus (F) (compare Fig. I, Table IX with Fig. I, 
Table III). 

The upper and middle frontal gyri poorly developed (F. 1, 
F, 2). 

The zxterparietalis (ip) (at 2, Fig. I) communicates with the 
Ff. Sylvit (S) and again also by means of a loop (at S, Fig. I) 
and by shallow fissures with the f. occzp. horizon. (ho). It is 
developed into a vetrocentralis and is connected with s. cen- 
tralis (c). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) communicates (5, Fig. II) 
with the sylvian fissure and also (in the neighborhood of 2, 

(80) 


OBSERVATION IX. SI 


Fig. I) by a shallow fissure with the loop of the zxterparietalis 
(S. 1', Fig. I) and extends to the united orizontalis and per- 
pendicularis (ho and po). 

Besides this, the first temporal sulcus (t. 1) sends a branch 
(7, Fig. I) backwards which (at 8, Fig. III) extends into the 
gyrus fusiformis (Fs) and is in superficial communication 
with the s. collateralis (cl). 

A second branch of the first temporal sulcus (t. 1) is a sep- 
arating fissure (t. 3) between the temporal and middle basilar 
lobes (Wernicke’s fissura fusiformis). The existence of a 
second temporal sulcus is only indicated (t. 2). 

The parteto-occipitalis (po), which, upon the medial surface, 
is very short, communicates (Fig. III) with the horizontalis 
(ho). 

The s. collateralis (cl) gives off branches from both sides 
which separate the middle from the posterior basilar lobes 
almost in their entire extent.’ 

The occipital (O) and middle basilar lobes (H and U) much 
dwarfed. The calloso-marginalis (cm) has but an extremely 
shallow communication with the fissures of the precuneus, the 
preecuneal fissures posteriorly are well separated. On both 
sides the ca//oso-marginalis consists really of two imperfectly 
joined parts, the posterior one of which makes the curve 
around the paracentral lobe. 


Antero-posterior chord, ; é 3 ; 15.1 
Hemispheric arch, : ’ ‘ : ‘ 22.0 
Anterior curve, ; ; ; : 12.0 
Middle curve, . < : : : 5.5 
Posterior curve, eS ae: ‘ ‘ 4.5 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 


_ S. centralis (c) communicates with f. Sylviz (S); both gyri 
centrales (A. B.) very thin, excepting, perhaps, the lower third 
of the posterior gyrus (B). The third frontal sulcus Cf. 3) is 
again developed into a precentvalts. The first frontal gyrus 





1An extension of the s. collateralis divides the middle basilar lobe into its two 
gyri (H and U). 6 


82 OBSERVATION IX, 


(F. 1), especially in the anterior two-thirds of its outer and 
upper extent, is greatly stunted. 

The radial portion of the zzterparietalis (ip), as a retrocen- 
tralis, extends quite parallel with the s. centralis (c) to the 
medial border and is separate from the sagittal portion. The 
sagittal portion unites with the orizontalis (ho) and commu- 
nicates with the posterior ramus of the s. Sy/viz (S’) and 
with the s. temporalis superior (t. 1). 

The first temporal fissure (t. 1) communicates with the 
interparietalis (ip); the horizontalis (ho) and the sylvian fis- 
sure (S). The last communication (with the f. Sy/viz) is so 
situated that the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) extends to the 
base and there enters the sylvian fissure.’ In this way it 
separates the superior temporal gyrus (T. 1) from the gyrus 
uncinatus in its entire extent and constitutes as it were, a split- 
off continuation of the s. fustformis (fs). 

There is no blending of the second temporal gyrus (T. 2) 
with the Jobulus tuberis (gyrus angularis ?) and there exists 
a pronounced parieto-temporal operculum. The lobulus tuberis 
(gyrus angularis?) has a distinct transverse cleft. The 
parieto-occipitalis (po) is not distinctly separated from the 
horizontalis (ho) and is likewise connected with the scissura 
hippocampi (h). 

The lower occipital fissure (g) is greatly developed and 
connects with a short but deep fissure which corresponds to 
Wernicke’s fissura fustformis ; it also sends a connection to the 
s. collateralis, which, by a transverse branch, extends very 
near to the stem of the parieto-occipitalis (po). A branch of 
the fusiformis divides the gyrus fusiformis from the uncinatus, 
although the gyri uncinatus and hippocampi upon the other 
side, enter into the occipital basal lobe very nearly upon a 
plane; upon this side the transition is very abrupt. 

The paracentral lobe is marked by very deep fissures. 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) and the s. cruciatus of the 
precuneus, are each of them isolated. 

The external orbital fissure is represented on both sides by 
two fissures; on the left side they are very well developed. 


OBSERVATION IX. 


83 


The orbital fissure (ob) communicates on both sides with the 


fossa Sylvit of the base. 


Antero-posterior chord, : ‘ 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ ‘ 
Anterior curve, 
Middle curve, . ; 
Posterior curve, , 


SKULL—CONTENTS, 1,196! 


Horizontal circumference, 

Ear circumference, (18} inches), 
Greatest length, : 
Greatest breadth, ‘de Saas ; 
Greatest hight, . ‘ 

Frontal curve, . ; 
Parietalcurve, . : ; 
Occipital curve, . ‘ : : 
Facial hight, ° 

Frontal hight, . 

Nasal hight, . ‘ 

Ear nose-base radius, . 

Ear occipital radius, . , , 
Occipital shortening, . 
Transverse and Ritero-posterioe Cie ie 


14.7 
20.6 
11.6 
4.5 
4.5 


Sphenoidal sutures on both sides nearly without trace; 
coronary sutures, especially the one on the right, greatly ob- 
literated and the same, in places, with the sagittal sutures. 


Squamous sutures poorly marked. 


Excepting the greatest hight (13.1) and the corresponding 
ear circumference, this skull exhibits dimensions belonging to 
boyhood. It is also in a high degree bracho-cephalic (short), 


has a moderate occipital shortening. 


Magyar.) 


( 


OBSERVATION X. 


OBSERVATION X. 
Rozsa, ANDREAS—Robber. 


84 


YY 


Vy 
_ Wi 


 , hz”, 
: KM 2 j 


N 


Gi, 


MIAZZF 
\ OY . \\} 4 tp) Y Vile *y “i 
Wk SN ZZ Gy l a; 
\ AN YA e Wp 
\\) \) , pd 
)\\ / WY ME 


\ 


\\ 





OBSERVATION X, 


} My Vy g/l 
Ly, Why GY Ge’ Vy UY 
Lt, yi, YH) bb 


Lt 


85 





IIL, 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posteriorg, 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F. 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F, 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2/—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). i 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przecuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S!!,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus. 

T.1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 





T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 

f. 1.—Sulcus Frontalis Supericr. 
f. 2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 
f.3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superios, 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior. 
g.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 


OBSERVATION X. 





(TABLE X.) 


ROZSA, Andreas; aet. 53, Magyar, descended from a noted Family of 
robbers and was condemned for robbery. In prison he was good 
natured. 





Cerebellum not covered by the occipital lobes. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE (SEE TABLE X, FIG. I-III). 


The s. centralis (c, Fig. 1) unites with the f. Sy/vzz (S) and 
at I (Fig. I) with the third frontal sulcus (f. 3) as also at 2 
and 3 with the zuterparietalis (ip). 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) is connected by a shallow 
fissure with the ascending anterior ramus (S’’) of the f. Sy/viz. 

By a vertical branch (4, Fig. I) which connects the second 
frontal sulcus (f. 2) with the first €f.), the gyrus frontalis 
medius (F. 2) is cut into two parts, each part of which is 
almost an island by itself. 

The upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) has a strong vertical branch 
which penetrates deeply into the gyrus centralis anterior (A) 
and represents an upper but separated piece of a precentralis. 

The greatly narrowed gyrus frontalis superior (F. 1) exhib- 
its deep but short secondary fissures. 

The tuterparietalis (ip) is developed into a well marked 
retrocentralis and is joined to the horizontalis (ho). The ve- 
trocentralis contains in its upper part an operculum by which ~ 





1In Fig. I (of outline sketch) the ascending ramus (S’’) of the ~ Sy/viz is inter- 
rupted. The photograph shows the actual condition. (The illustration of the 
translation is correct). 
(86) 


OBSERVATION X, 87 


the upper third of the gyrus centralis posterior (B) and the 
anterior portion of the upper parietal lobule (P. 1) are much 
reduced. The parietal lobule contains still another operculum. 

The txterparietalis (ip) communicates, as before observed, 
at 2 and 3, with the s. centralis (c) and in this wise indirectly 
with the f Sy/vit (S’). 

At 7 (Fig. II) the s. temporalis superior (t. 1) communi- 
cates with the f Syl/viz (S). 

The temporal lobes, on both sides, seem stunted and at 
their expense the middle basilar lobes have a collossal devel- 
opment. The gyrus hippocampi (FH) is extensively separated 
from the gyrus lingualis (Lg) and gyrus uncinatus (U) is 
Clearly separated from the gyrus fusiformis (Fs), each by a 
transverse fissure. 

The s. temporalis medius (t. 2) is only indicated, the third 
(t. 3) well developed and joined with Wernicke’s fissure (k). 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is not in direct connection with 
the horizontalis, but by a very shallow fissure it communicates 
indirectly with it through the interparietalis (ip). 

Upon the medial surface (Fig. III) the parieto-occipitalis 
(po) connects with the s. cruciatus of the precuneus (Q). The 
cructatus sends a branch which, upon the external surface (at 
6, Fig. I1), effects a shallow communication with the zuter- 
parietalis (ip). 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) unites with the scissura hippo- 
campt (h) and by a branch with the s. col/ateralis (c. 1). 

The occipital basilar lobe (Lg and Fs) is very strongly and 
deeply fissured. 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) connects (Fig. IIT) (in original 
outline sketch of German edition somewhat faulty) with 
fissure 6 and by this means communicates with the farieto- 
occipitalis (po) and interparietalis (ip). Besides this, it (cm) 
continues along the base of the precuneus (Q) almost to 
the parieto-occipitalis (po) and thus separates in almost its 
entire extent, the gyrus fornicatus (Gf) from the precuneus 


(Q). 


1 In outline sketch of original work, Fig. 6 is put too far forward; (corrected in 
cuts of the Translation). 





88 OBSERVATION X. 


The orbital fissure (ob) communicates with the fi Sy/viz, 
and upon both sides is of unusual depth. 

Below the inferior one of the two anterior branches of the f. 
Sylviz (S), runs a fissure which separates both the inferior and 
middle frontal gyri (F. 3, F. 2) from the orbital lobe and com- 
municates with the s. frontalts inferior Cf. 2).’ 

The occipital lobe dwarfed in its perpendicular dimensions. 

The paracentral lobule very completely defined. 


Antero-posterior chord, ; : ; : 15.9 
Hemispheric arch, 4 ‘ : ‘ F 22.0 
Anterior curve, ; : ° ; 12.5 
Middle curve, . : : A : 3.0 
Posterior curve, ; ; ‘ : 6.5 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) is in communication with the fi Sylviz 
(S) not alone at its lower end but also by a fissure which 
breaks through the lower third of the gyrus centralis posterior 
(B) and ends in the sylvian fissure. The upper third of the 
posterior (B) and the middle third of the anterior (A) gyri 
centrales are composed only of thin pieces of gyri. 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) communicates with the f 
Sylviz. It forms an extensive precentralis, inasmuch as it 
not only connects with a vertical branch of the s. frontalis 
superior (f. 1) but also with a vertical branch of a secondary 
fissure (7) of the gyrus frontalis superior (F. 1). The gyrus 
Srontalis medius (F. 2) is divided into many islands through 
numerous little intercommunicating branches of the third, 
second, and first frontal fissures. The gyrus frontalis superior 
(F. 1) is much dwarfed. 

The zxterparietalis (ip) is connected with the oszzontalis 
and forms an extensive vetrocentralis ; it communicates with 
the f. Sy/vzz (S and S’)in a two-fold manner and with the s. 
temporalis superior (t. 1) and italso has a shallow connection 
on the medial surface, with the ca//oso-marginalis (cm) by way 
of the s. cruciatus of the precuneus. 

The s. zemporalis superior (t. 1) communicates with the z7- 
terpartetalis (ip). The gyrus which separates the parieto- 





1 This fissure corresponds to Broea’s external orbital fissure in the Gorilla. 


OBSERVATION X, 89 


occipitalis (po) from the surrounding fissures on the upper 
surface, is strongly developed and a connection with the zw- 
terparietalts (ip) is only indicated by a shallow fissure upon the 
just mentioned gyrus. 

The disposition of the temporal lobes is peculiar. 

The gyrus temporalis superior (T. 1) is divided into two parts 
by a deep fissure which communicates with the f. Sy/vzz. 

The gyrus temporalis medius ('T. 2) very narrow in the mid- 
dle, broadens at the posterior end, and patenonly coalesces 
with the gyrus uncinatus (UV). 

The second temporal sulcus (t. 2) Separates the gyrus 
temporalis medius (T. 2) from the gyrus fusiformis (Fs). 

The gyrus fusiformis is peculiarly formed, in that the lower 
occipital fissure (g) sends off abranch which not only divides 
the gyrus fusiformis into two parts, but penetrates deeply into 
the middle basilar lobe, separating it also into two gyri, which 
condition generally results only from a continuation of the s. 
collateralis (cl). 

The s. collateralis (cl) joins with the scissura hippocampi 
(h). The occipital lobe in its perpendicular dimension extra- 
ordinarily dwarfed. The s. orditalis in two-fold communica- 
tion with the f Sy/vzz. 

An external orbital fissure is formed 7y a third anterior 
branch from the 7. Sy/viz and a small fissure between F. 2 
and Ob. 


Greatest length, . ‘ ‘ : ° ‘ 16.3 
Greatest breadth, . ‘ : ‘ : ; 7.3 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ ‘ ; ; ° 21.0 
Anterior curve, . ‘ ea ‘ ; 125 
Middle curve, , : é e : . 3.8 
Posterior curve, . é : ° ‘ : 4.7 


I saw three members of the Family and also the son and the 
nephew of the convict described in this observation. All 
three had markedly the same formation of head; the heads 
very high with flat back-heads, the surfaces of which were 
nearer to.the transverse ear-line than were the froutal surfaces. 
I have in my possession a photograph of the subject of this 
observation. 


OBSERVATION XI... 


OBSERVATION XI. 


PANTALIC, PAuL—Murderer. 


(Servian,) 


= 





OBSERVATION XI, 


RRS a \\ 
BRAS 
areas 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F. 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Superior. 

F. 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F. 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior, 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus, 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. | 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przecuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S!.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus, 

S/!,—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus, 

T. 1.—Gyrus Tempvralis Superior. 








gO! 


\\\ 


T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3.—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina, 
cL—Sulcus Collateralis. = 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 
f.1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f. 2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 

f. 3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior, 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior, 
gy.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis, 


OBSERVATION XI. 





(TABLE XL) 


PANTALIC, Paul, Servian; in company with the subject of observation 
xii, killed the husband of his priest’s concubine, at the priest’s insti- 
gation. The object was a small recompense. 





The occipital lobes do not cover the cerebellum on either 
side, especially upon the left. 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE (SEE TABLE XI, FIG. I-III). 


The s. centralis (c. fig. 1) connects with fi Sy/viz (S). 
The central gyri (A. B.) are very poorly developed. As the 
anterior and posterior rami (S’’ and S’) of the fissura Sylvii 
meet at an. acute angle, there really exists no horizontal por- 
tion of the f Sy/vzz. The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) rises with 
the anterior ascending branch of the f. Sy/vdz from the angle 
made by this and the posterior branch (S). 

Parallel with the third frontal sulcus (f. 3) runs a long ver- 
tical branch of the first frontal sulcus (f.1) as the upper, but 
separate branch of a precentralis. 

The anterior part of the M. of the inferior frontal gyrus 
(F. 3) is extremely stunted. 

The gyrus frontalis medius (F. 2) is very well developed; a 
deep fissure at g indicates the separation of the gyrus frontalis 
superior (F. 1). 

The zxterparietalis (ip) connects with the perpendicular 
and horizontal occipital fissures (po and ho). It communi- 
cates besides, by fissures, shallow in places, (at 2, Fig. II) 
with the s. cemporalis superior (t. 1) and at 3 (Fig. I) is only 


(92) 


OBSERVATION XI. 93 


slightly separated from the centralis (c). (Jn the original 
German edition the outline sketch represents the connection too 
distinctly). 

At 4 (Fig. I) the s. temporalis superior (t. 1) communicates 
with the posterior ascending ramus of the f. Sy/vzz (S’) and 
also at 2, as before stated, with the zu¢erparietalis (ip) and at 
op (Fig. I1) forms a complete operculum. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) connects directly with the 4ovi- 
zontalis (ho) and thereby indirectly with the s. temporalis 
superior (t. 1, Fig. ID). 

On the medial surface (Fig. III) the parieto-occipitalis 
(po) unites with the cadlloso-marginalis (cm) by way of the 
s. cruciatus of the precuneus (Q) and with the scissura hippo- 
campi (h). In this wise the gyrus fornicatus is to a great ex- 
tent separated from the precuneus. 

The gyri lingualis (Lg) and fusiformis (Fs) mount very 
abruptly from the basilar surface with no expressed col/ateralis 
(cl). The perpendicular diameter of the occiput extraordina- 
rily diminished. The occipital basil lobe has no medial sur- 
face. A transverse fissure separates the gyrus uncinatus from 
the gyrus fusiformis (U and Fs). 

The s. occipitalis inferior (g) and Wernicke’s fissura fust- 
formis (t. 3) scarcely indicated, on the other hand Wernicke’s 
fissure (k) is well developed. 

The gyrus uctnatus (U) is extremely dwarfed and indeed 
represents only a blending of the three temporal gyri. Its 
entire sagittal length is 4.2 Cm. It does not rise above the 
anterior basilar lobe. , 

The orbital lobe (Ob) is developed to an unusually marked 
extent, and is separated from the frontal lobe of the external 
upper surface by a long fissure that comes as a third anterior 
branch from the f. Sy/vzz, indicated at S’” 2 (Figs. I and IIT) 
“(similarity to animals). This fissure represents the under 
and middle part of the external orbital fissure: the anterior 
portion is indistinct. 


94 OBSERVATION XI, 


Antero-posterior chord, ° ‘ , : 15.0 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ . : ° ‘ 19.0 
Anterior curve, : ° : : 9.5 
Middle curve, . ; . . : 4.5 
Posterior curve, . : i . . 5.0 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c). communicates with the third frontal sul- 
cus (f. 3) which is developed into a full precentralis. The 
anterior part of the gyrus frontalis inferior (F. 3) poorly de- 
veloped. The s. frontalis superior (£. 1) communicates with 
the s. f. medius Cf. 2). 

The interparietalis (ip) is not clearly separated from the 
ramus posterior fissure Sylvii (S'). A broad star-shaped 
fossa, with introverted annectant gyrus (operculum parieto- 
temporal.) prevents the union of the temporal gyrus with the 
Lobulus tuberis (Gyrus angularts ?), 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) on the upper surface is quite 
indistinctly separated from the forizontalis (ho) and the 
interparietalis (ip). 

The border between the middle and posterior basilar lobes 
is indistinct and the posterior lobe is poorly developed. The 
two are completely separated by means of fissures. 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) not distinctly connected with 
the fissures of the precuneus (Q). Atthe base of the precune- 
us there exists a fissure which separates it in almost its entire 
extent from the gyrus fornicatus (Gf). 

The orbital lobe has a medium development, the posterior 
part without fissures. 

Two little fissures which separate the third and second fron- 
tal gyri (F. s, F. 2) from the base, but which do not communi- 
cate the f. Sy/vit, represent the external orbital fissure. 


OBSERVATION XI. 


SKULL—CONTENTS? 
Horizontal circumference, . 


Ear circumference, 
Greatest length, 


Antero-posterior and kareena’ circum., 


Greatest breadth, 
Frontal curve, ; 
Parietal curve, . 
Occipital curve, . 
Facial hight, . . 
Frontal hight, . 
Nasal hight, . 


Ear and base of nose radius, 


Ear occiput radius, 
Occipital shortening, 


54.5 


32.8 
18.7 
82.9 
15.5 
14.2! 
12.8! 
12.8 
11.0 
6.1 
5.0 
Raa 
10,0 
1.2 


95 


There was found in the left lambodial suture a cunoid bone, 
5 cm. long by 3.5 cm. broad. 
A medium macrocephalic skull, moderate occipital shorten- 


ing and moderate shortening of the parietal curve. 


) 


1an 


MICHAEL— Murderer. 
(Rouman 


OBSERVATION XII, 
OBSERVATION XII. 


Mia, 


96 


iY 


Wan NN 
At 


SSH Cals = 
RRR 
NEN S\ 
\ 


Ay 


AIAG (: Ai 
‘\ 


— 


S\ 





OBSERVATION XII. 


iN \\ 


ah, 
Nt 


Ny 


97 





ITI. 


A.—Gyrus Centralis Anterior. 

B.—Gyrus Centralis Posterior. 

Cu.—Cuneus. 

CC.—Corpus Callosum. 

F, 1.—Gyrus Frontalis Supericr. 

F. 2.—Gyrus Frontalis Medius. 

F, 3.—Gyrus Frontalis Inferior. 

Fs.—Gyrus Fusiformis. 

Gf.—Gyrus Fornicatus. 

H.—Gyrus Hippocampi. 

Lg.—Gyrus Lingualis. 

P. 1.—Lobulus Parietalis Superior. 

P. 2.—Lobulus Parietalis Inferior. 

P. 2/.—Gyrus Angularis (Lobulus Tu- 
beris-Benedikt). 

Q.—Lobulus Quadratus (Przecuneus). 

S.—Fissura Sylvii. 

S'.—Fissura Sylvii, Posterior Ramus. 

S'.—Fissura Sylvii, Anterior Ramus. 

T. 1.—Gyrus Temporalis Superior. 





T. 2.—Gyrus Temporalis Medius. 
T. 3—Gyrus Temporalis Inferior. 
U.—Gyrus Uncinatus. 
O.—Occiput. 

c.—Sulcus Centralis. 

cc.—Fissura Calcarina. 
cl.—Sulcus Collateralis. . 
cm.—Sulcus Calloso-Marginalis. 

f. 1.—Sulcus Frontalis Superior. 
f.2.—Sulcus Frontalis Inferior. 

f. 3.—Sulcus Frontalis Perpendicularis. 
h.—Scissura Hippocampi. 
ho.—Fissura Horizontalis. 
ip.—Sulcus Interparietalis. 
po.—Fissura Parieto-Occipitalis. 
s. cruc.—Sulcus Cruciatus. 
t.1.—Sulcus Temporalis Superior. 
t.2.—Sulcus Temporalis Inferior. 
g.—Secondary Sulcus Frontalis. 


OBSERVATION XII. 





MIA, Michael; Roumanian; the companion of the subject of observa-« 
tion No. XI (Pantalic’). 





The massively-developed cerebellum is imbedded diagonally 
into the asymetrical basilar occipital lobe and in such a way 
that the right cerebellar hemisphere lays considerably more to 
the front than the left one did. For this reason the middle 
basilar cerebral lobe is compressed on the right and pushed 


forward. 
LEFT HEMISPHERE. 


The s. centralis (c) communicates with the first and third 
frontal sulci (f. 1 and f. 3). 

The two lower thirds of both gyrz centrales much reduced. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is separated from the horizontalis 
(ho) by a very thin bit of gyrus. 

The lobulus tuberis ( gyrus angularis?) is separated into 
two parts by a long sagittal fissure. The continuation of the 
first and second temporal gyri (T. 1 and T. 2) into the second 
parietal gyrus (P. 2) and the /obulus tuberis (P. 2') is almost 
completely prevented by a group of fissures. 

The anterior and middle part of an external orbital fissure 
well developed ; posterior part not well developed. 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE (SEE TABLE XII, FIGS. I-III). 

S. centralis (c) not directly connected with the fi Sylu7i. 
Is connected with the zuxzerparictalis (ip) at I (Figs. I and II). 

The second frontal sulcus (f. 2) communicates by a branch 
(2, Fig. I) with the s. centralis. 

By an extended fissure the upper frontal gyrus (F. 1) is 
divided into two parts. | 

The ztnxterparictalis (See ip, Fig. II) connects, as before 
observed, at I with the s. centralis (c) and with the horizontalis 

(98) 


OBSERVATION XIL 99 


(ho) and is not separated from the posterior high-ascending 
branch of the fi Sylviz (S’). At 4 (Fig. ID) the superior 
temporal sulcus (t. 1) communicates with the f. Sylviz and 
also at § (Fig. Il) with the zxzzerparzetalis (ip). 

The jparieto-occipitalis (po) does not connect with the 
horizontalis (ho). Instead of this, the f. calcarina (cc, Fig. 
III) connects with the s. collateralis (cl) and the gyrus 
JSusiformis (Fs) is divided into a number of small islands. 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) by a branch, separates the 
gyrus fornicatus (Fs) from the praecuneus (Q) and sends 
further in front a branch to the sulcus between the gyrus 
fornicatus and corpus callosum (CC). 

The parteto-occipitalis (po) communicates with the fissures 
of the praecuneus. 

On account of damage to the preparation nothing can be 
said concerning the external orbital fissure. 


SKULL.—CONTENTS? 


Horizontal circumference, . . r ° 53.4 
Ear circumference, é ; ; ‘ ; 31.6 
Greatest length, . : ‘ : : 18.1 
Antero-posterior and hariaont. circum., : 82.8 
Greatest breadth, . : : ; : ; 15.0 
Frontal curve, : : ‘ ‘ : é 13.2 
Parietal curve, . ’ ‘ ; : 5 12.0 
Occipital curve, . ; : ‘ . i 11.2 
Facial hight, : : ‘ ; ; : II.0 
Frontal hight, . : ; A ‘ ; 5.8 
Nasal hight, ; ; F : : : 5.2 
Ear—occiput radius, . é : : : 9.5 
Ear—base-of-nose radius, . : ; : 12.3 
Occipital shortening, . ° ‘ . (@) 2.8!! 


pfr.—parieto-frontal protuber. right ; é ‘ 10.8! 

pril.—parieto, right, fronto left protuberances, . 14.9 (!) 
pfl.—parieto frontal protub. left, : ; ; 10.1 (!) 
plfr.—parieto left, fronto-right protuberances, . 14.0 (!) 


Upper portion of frontal suture open. Lamboidal suture 
exhibits a rich development of small cuneiform bones. 
Extreme occipital shortening, and asymetric skull. 


OBSERVATION XIII. 





BECZAR, Georg; aet. 35, Slovanian (Slovac) condemned for cruel lynch. 
law murder. 





LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

S. centralis (c) badly separated from the ~f. Sylviz (S) and 
interparietalis (ip) and communicates with the third frontal 
sulcus (f. 3). 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) has a full communication with 
the f. Sylvzz (S) and also connects, as just stated, with the s. 
centralis. 

The condition of the frontal lobe (F) is especially interest- 
ing. 

At first sight the upper frontal gyrus (F. 1) appears dwarfed 
and the middle one (F. 2) extraordinarily broad. Closer at- 
tention, however, shows the prvecentralis to be composed of 
three radial branches. The lower one corresponds to the third 
frontal sulcus (f. 3) and the sagittal fissure belonging to it is 
the inferior frontal sulcus (f. 2). The middle portion of the 
precentralis corresponds to the radial branch of the upper 
frontal sulcus (f. 1). It joins with the third frontal sulcus 
(f. 3). ; 

The real upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) is shallow and stunted 
and composed of two sagittal parts, the posterior one of which 
is short and connects with the middle part of the precentralis. 

The sagittal fissure that at first glance appears as the upper 
frontal sulcus (f. 1) belongs to the upper portion of the (sep- 
arated) precentralis, therefore corresponds to the secondary 
fissure (9). 

The middle frontal gyrus is thus not abnormally wide 

(100) 


OBSERVATION XIII, IOL 


nor the upper one unnaturally narrow, but the first one is ex- 
tensively connected with the second, and the secondary gyrus 
has attained a great independence. 

The zuxterparietalis (ip) connects with the f. Sy/viz (S) and 
penetrates so deeply into the posterior central gyrus (B) as to 
give it the appearance of being split. 

The s. ¢emporalis superior (t. 1) divides into two branches, 
one of which, by a shallow way, connects with the Aorizontalis 
(ho) and the zxterparietalis (ip) and the other divides the 
lobulus tuberis (P. 2') ( gyrus angularis ?) into two equal parts. 
A third branch first takes the form of an S as it descends, then 
rises upwards, then runs backwards and with its last part, as 
the sulcus occipitalis inferior (g) furnishes the under border of 
the lobulus tubers (P. 2!) (gyrus angularis?). 

From the S-formed portion there extends a communication 
with the s. collateralis (cl). 

Through the connection of the fuszformis (fs) with the col- 
lateralis (cl) the middle basilar lobe is entirely separated from 
the occipital basilar lobe, as the unusually deep and broad col- 
lateral sulcus communicates with the scissura hippocampi (h). 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) is a radial branch of the first tem- 
poralis (t. 1) and is well developed. The s. occipitalis inferior 
and Wernicke’s fissura fusiformis (t. 3) are united and are in 
communication with the upper temporal sulcus (t.1). The 
fusiformis separates the temporal gyrus from the gyrus fusi- 
formis, but not from the gyrus ucinatus. 

The superior temporal gyrus (T. 1) poorly developed. A 
separation of the underlying temporal surface into two gyri 
does not occur, and it is completely blended with the gyrus 
ucinatus. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is well separated from the ov- 
zontalts (ho), but like the s. collateralzs (cl) it communicates 
with the scissura hippocampi (h). 

The lobulus lingualis (Lg) very stunted. 

The fissures of the precuneus (Q) are separated from other 
fissures, and the pre@cuneus is to a great extent separated from 
the gyrus fornicatus. 

The posterior half of the stunted orbital lobe (Ob) runs 


102 OBSERVATION XIII. 


underneath the middle basilar lobe and the orbital fissure 
(Ob) connects with the fossa Sylvii (S). Theexternal orbital 
fissure is composed first, of a third branch of the f. Sy/v7z, sec- 
ondly, from a fissure which separates the M. of the lower fron- 
tal gyrus from the orbital gyrus. The anterior portion indis- 
tinct; the three parts separated from each other. 


Antero-posterior chord, A ‘ ; ° 16.8 
Horizontal arch, . ; : : ; ‘ 23.8 
Anterior curve, . . . . ‘ 12.0 
Middle curve, . : ; ‘ ‘ 7.0 
Posterior curve, ‘ : 4 ; 48 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

S. centralis (c) separated from the f. Sy/viz (S) by a thin 
bit of gyrus. 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) is not distinctly separate from 
the 7. Sy/vii (S), but is not connected with the s. frontalis in- 
ferior Cf. 2). | 

Respecting the frontal lobe (F) there is the same condition 
as found upon the left side, except that its recognition is more 
difficult. The radial branch of the poorly-developed s. fronta- 
lis superior ({. 1) and that of the over-developed secondary 
fissure (Y) communicates with each other and with the third 
frontal sulcus (f. 3) thus forming a very marked precentralis. 

The zuterparietalts (yp) not connected with fi Sylviz; as a 
retrocentralis it penetrates deeply the upper part of the gyrus 
centralis posterior (B) to its depression (delle). Italsois in 
communication with the horizontals (ho) and independently 
with the perpendicularis (po). The upper temporal sulcus 
(t. 1) is in shallow communication with the f. Sy/viz and its 
course is interrupted by a thin piece of gyrus. Its upper part 
communicates with the zzterparietalis (ip). 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) is unusually developed and forms a 
branch of the s. zemp. sup. (t. 1). 

At the place where these two fissures meet a fissure extends © 
to the lower external border, which is the fissure that lies be- 
tween the gyrus fusiformis and the temporal gyrus. Still 
higher up Wernicke’s fissure sends off the s. occipitalis in- 


Jerior (g). 


= 


OBSERVATION XIII. 103 


The parieto-occipitalis (po) as before said, is latterly in con- 
nection with the ¢xterparietalis (ip). Notwithstanding this, 
the arched gyrus which surrounds the fissure is strongly 
developed. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is also connected with the sczssuva 
hippocampi (h). 

The gyrus lingualts (Lg) is greatly narrowed and is impaired, 
in its posterior part especially, by an unusually deep operculose 
formation, giving a deep chasm from which arises the s. 
collateralis (cl); this penetrates deeply into the middle basilar 
lobe, giving the basilar lobe the appearance of a loop from the 
gyrt lingualis and fustformts. 

The gyrus orbitalis (Ob) is better developed than upon the 
other side; the orbital fissure (ob) the same as on other side. 
There is no third branch from the ~. Sy/viz. Middle part 
of external orbital fissure well developed; anterior part very 
shallow. . 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) is very peculiarly developed. 
In its anterior part it is composed of two parallel fissures 
and turns in front of the anterior central gyrus (A). The 
central gyri (A and B) are surrounded by a sharp curve, so 
that in this instance Betz’ /odus paracentralis attains a rare 
degree of independence (upon the other side also this lobe 
is sharply defined). 

From the fissure-arch which borders the gyrus paracentralis 
posteriorly, there extends a shallow fissure which well divides 
the gyrus fornicatus (Gf) from the praecuneus (9): The s. 
cruciatus is, aS it were, split into fragments. On the right 
the occipital lobe is quite flat, on the left a little arched, 
so that the cerebellum has evidently an usually deep dip down- 
wards. 


Antero-posterior chord, ° : ; . 16.3 
Hemispheric arch, ; ; : : : 22.5 
Anterior curve, ‘ ; : . 11.5 


Middle curve, . ; ‘ ‘ .. 4.5 
Posterior curve, . é ° : 6.5 


104 OBSERVATION XIII. 


SKULL.—CONTENTS 1610! Cem! 


Horizontal circumference, . ; ; ; 53.5 
Ear circumference, . ; q : 33.0 
Greatest length, . ; ; 18.2 
Antero-posterior and beamawiaten circum, . 84.6 
Greatest breadth, . ; ; i . ‘ 15.4 
Greatest height, . ; ; ; : ‘ 12.8 
Frontal curve, . : ‘ : ‘ : 13.3 
Parietal curve, . ; j : 4 . 13.4 
Occipital curve, . ; ‘ 11.5 
Heighth of face (Racial heitsht)y : ‘ : 11.6 
Heighth of forehead (Frontal height), . 5 6.6 
Heighth of nose (Nasal height), . ‘ ; 5.2 
Ear and base of nose radius, ; i j II.O 
Ear point of nose radius r., . : i : II.I 
Lois : : > 10.7! 
Ear occiput radius, . , ; ° 11.2 
Occipital shortening, . b ; : 0.2 


Lamboidal sutures partially obliterated, especially at their 
confluence: the same case with the middle part of the 
squamous sutures of both sides. 

Moderately macrocephalic skull with slight asymetry of the 
facial base. 


OBSERVATION XIV. 





SCHENKER, Mathias, aet. 28, German vagabond and confirmed thief. 
Careless to an extreme degree, quick witted, ardent temperament. 





The position of the cerebellum upon the arrival of the 
preparation, was peculiar. It was inclined forward. That 
this corresponded to a very peculiar position in life is evinced 
by the fact that the middle basilar lobe (U and H) on both 
sides were very nearly continuous with the occipital lobes 
(Lg and Fs), so that there was no cerebellar cavern to the 
hemispheres. On the skull the posterior part of the’ foramum 
magnum departs from the more normal horizontal position 
to a rather vertical one, and the posterior cerebral fossa is 
more vertical than horizontal. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) communicates with the f. Sy/vzz (S) and 
anteriorly there is a communication of which we shall speak 
further on. 

The middle third of the gyrus centralis anterior (A) and 
the lower third of the gyrus centralis posterior (B) are well 
developed. The other parts are dwarfed. 

The frontal lobe (F) is ‘quite peculiar in its formation. 
The upper two-thirds of the s. centralis (c) is accompanied 
by a praccentralis which is made up from a combination of the 
vertical branches of the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) and the 
secondary fissures (%). These radial fissures are in no way 
connected with the sagittal. The upper vertical branch, how- 
ever, sends a sagittal twig backwards, which, on the surface 
anterior to the s. centralis is not separated. 


(105) 


106 OBSERVATION XIV. 


Back of this praecentralis runs another one, less parallel, 
and composed of the third frontal sulcus (f. 3) and of a second 
radial branch of the superior frontal sulcus (f. 1). Between 
the two praecentrales there exists, towards the medial border, 
a third radial fissure which is in connection with a long 
sagittal fissure. This last mentioned radial fissure together with 
its sagittal branch belongs to the system of secondary fissures 
(¢). 

(There extends forward, moreover, from the second de- 
scribed praecentralis still another fissure, which, in its turn, 
sends upwards a radial branch that communicates with the 
secondary frontal fissure (¢)). 

In order to understand the formation of these two marked 
praecentral fissures it must be remembered that when the 
upper frontal sulcus separates into two parts, each of these 
sagittal parts exhibits a tendency to form a vertical branch for 
itself. This is beautifully illustrated in the brain of the 
previous observation, . 

Here again the gyrus frontalis superior (F.1) is inter- 
grown with the gyrus fr. medius (F.2), that is, they are not 
separated by any extensive sagittal fissure). The upper 
sagittal fissure is evidently a highly developed secondary fis- 
sure (7). 

The s. frontalis inferior (f. 2) is separated from its vertical 
branch, that is, from the third frontal sulcus (f. 3). 

The vamus anterior fissurae Sylvit (S'') separates perpen- 
dicularly from the horizontal portion, and the horizontal part 
by a sharp downward curve extends much further forward 
than the point where the ascending branch leaves. 

The interparictalis (ip), which is not, at the surface, dis- 
tinctly separated from the ramus posterior fissurae Sylvit (S') 
and which forms a pronounced vetrocentralis, communicates 
with the horizontalis (ho) but this is not connected with the 
parieto-occipitalis (po). 

The /lobulis tuberis (gyrus angularis?) is not located on | 
the upper external surface of the hemisphere but on the 
posterior surface. This, as will be easily comprehended, is 
still more the case with the occipital lobe, which does not 


OBSERVATION XIV. 107 


appear on an external and upper surface, but rests upon a 
posterior face. 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) and the lower occipital sulcus are 
not distinctly developed; the temporal sulcus or fissura 
Susiformis, however, is. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) lies quite obliquely backwards 
and upwards and has a shallow communication with the 
scissura hippocampi (h). The calloso marginalis (cm) con- 
tinues on to the vicinity of the paricto-occipitalis and separates 
toa great extent the gyrus fornicatus from the praecuneus (Q) 
and is in communication with the praecuneal fissures. 

As before said, the brain at this point is quite abnormal 
in form, as the occipital part of the base (Fs and Lg) viewed 
from below, really rises higher than the middle part. The 
occipital basilar lobe is not visible from the medial view. The 
collateralis (cl) extends deeply into the middle basilar lobe. 
The gyrus lingualis exhibits very little fissuring, especially at 
its posterior part. * The gyrus fusiformis very narrow. The 
gyrt uncinatus and hippocampi short, narrow, and dwarfed 
by deep fissures. The stunted orbital lobe (Ob) faces more 
externally than inferiorly. The external orbital fissure is 
represented by two fissures, the posterior one of which is not 
distinctly separated from the fossa Sylvii (S). 


Antero-posterior chord, . ‘ : . 14.5 
Hemispheric arch, . : ; : . 23.3 
Anterior curve, . ‘ Ss 14.3 
Middle curve, ; . ‘ : 5.5 
Posterior curve, . ; ; ; 35 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. | 

The s. centralis (c) connects with the f. Sy/vzz (S) and at 
two places with the zzterparietalis (ip) and at two points 
is but imperfectly separated from the perpendicular frontal 
sulcus (f. 3). 

The perpendic. front. sulcus (f. 3) communicates with the 
fossa Sylvii (S), and as before remarked, with the s. centralis 
(c) and, as upon the other side of the brain, there exists 
between the real praccentralis and the s. centralis a deep 


108 OBSERVATION XIV. 


parallel fissure which commences high up on the external 
surface and which evidently corresponds partly to a vertical 
branch of. the superior frontal sulcus (f. 1) and partly to 
the radial branch of the secondary fissure (7). 


The second real praccentralis is a combination of the third - 


frontal sulcus, (f. 3) and a vertical branch arising from the 
territory of the superior frontal sulcus (f. 1) and the secondary 
fissure (¢). 

A third praecentralis is composed of the ramus anterior 
fossae Sylvit (S") and a vertical branch which belongs to 
the system of the superior frontal sulcus (f. 1). In the 
posterior part of the frontal lobe the secondary fissure (@) in 
great measure takes the place of the superior frontal sulcus. 
The orbital lobe (Ob) is less dwarfed than on the left side. 
The external orbital fissure is the same as upon the other 
side, only more fully connected with the fossa Sylviz. 

The entire parietal lobe lies almost at the posterior, very 
little on the upper, surface. The zuxterparietalis (ip) is 
divided into two parts, of which the posterior communicates 
with the horizontalis (ho). 

The temporal lobe, with the horizontal part of the f. Sy/vzz, 
extends far backwards towards the cerebral extremity. The 
superior temporal sulcus (t. I) communicates by a very 
shallow fissure with the f. Sy/vzz (S). 

The gyrus temporalis superior (T. 1) extraordinarily re- 
duced. A second (t. 2) temporal sulcus not distinct. The 7. 
Susiformis (t. 3) strongly developed. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) communicates with the /orz- 
zontalis (ho) by means of the zxterparietalis (ip). 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) also runs more diagonally. 
The /. calcarina (cl) is very short, so that the Cuneus is re- 
duced toa minimum. The paracentral lobe is sharply defined 
by a fissure which does not communicate with the cad/oso- 
marginalis (cm). 

The occipital portion of the base lies on a line with the 
middle part. The greater portion of the gyrus lingualis lies 
on the medial surface, inasmuch as the the s. collateralis 
(cl) runs near to and almost parallel with the medial border. 


OBSERVATION XIV. ! 109 


Antero-posterior chord, . ; , ; 15.0 
Hemispheric arch, : ‘ ‘ ‘ , 22.6 
Anterior curve, ‘ ; y ‘ 16.0 
Middle curve, . ‘ ; ‘ ; ‘2 
Posterior curve, , ; ; : a4 


SKULL OXYCEPHALIC (pointed). 


Horizontal circumference, . ‘ ; ° 50.0 
Greatest length, . ‘ ‘ ‘ ° ° 17.1 
Greatest breadth, . : ‘ ; q 14.0 
Antero-posterior and ieasiavenser’ circum., . 81.8 


Large pneumatic spaces in the frontal bone; great thick- 
ness of the occipital bone at its section through the prom. max. 
occipitalis. The facial aspect offers an unusual expression for 
European skulls from the fact that the height of the /ossae 
orbitales equals their breadth, 


OBSERVATION XV. 





PROKETZ, Peter, aet. 40; Hungarian, carpenter; unable either to read 
or write. A tall, powerful form with bristling blonde hair, prominent 
features, high cheek-bones, small piercing eyes. Up to his mar- 
riage was a robber and noted for his cruelty; since then, a pro- 
fessional thief. He was violent even in prison. Another prominent 
trait in him was his great love for his children. 

This characteristic was mainly based, probably, upon a strong 
and active sexual passion which was fully satiated in his marital 
relations, 





The cerebellum was moderate in size and not covered by 


the cerebrum. 
LEFT HEMISPHERE. 


S. centralis (c) separated from the f. Sylviz (S) by small 
bit of gyrus. 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) very imperfectly separated 
from the 7. Sy/vzz (S) and by a strong vertical branch united 
with the superior frontal sulcus (f. 1) so as to form a praecen- 
tralis which reaches over the entire external surface. The 
gyri centrales (A and B) very poorly developed. 

Of the three frontal gyri, the middle one is the broadest 
and it is cut into anterior and posterior halves. The zuter- 
parietalis (ip) communicates with the f. Sy/vzz (S) and extends 
uninterruptedly to the Lorizontalts (ho). 

A branch of the zuterparietalis (ip) continues as a vetro- 
centralis entirely to the medial surface at which locality it 
is not distinctly separated from the calloso-marginalis (cm). 
Also the s. cruciatus of the praecuueus (Q) communicates — 
with the zzterparietalis (ip). 

The upper ee lobe i 1) poorly developed. 

(110) 


OBSERVATION XV. I{I 


The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) has but very shallow 
communication with the f. Sy/vzz (S) though a deep one with 
Wernicke’s fissure (k). There exists no well marked second 
temporal sulcus (t. 2) on the external surface. The second 
temporal gyrus (T. 2), which is thereby rendered very large, 
is separated from both the gyrus fusiformis (F s) and uncinatus . 
(U) by a fissure which extends almost from the occipital apex 
to the horizontal portion of the f. Sy/viz (S) and in this 
manner makes a complete separation of the posterior and 
middle basilar lobes from the external surface, as is the case, 
for example, in the horse. 

This fissura bastlaris lateralis sends a transverse extension to 
the base which transversely separates the posterior from the 
middle basilar lobe and unites with s. col/ateralis (cl). 

For professional readers, it need hardly be specified that 
this lateral basilar fissure consists of a blending of the 
inferior occipital sulcus with the fusiform fissure of Wernicke. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is separated from the horizontalis 
(ho) by a thin piece of gyrus. 

There is a connection (very shallow) between the f. ca/- 
carina (cc) and s. collateralis (cl), Both extend almost to 
the sczssura hippocampi (h). The orbital lobe (Ob) is very 
broad ; the orbital fissure (ob) communicates with the sylvian. 
The external orbital fissure is represented by an anterior and 
a middle portion. The calloso-marginalis separates the prae- 
cuneus (Q) from the gyrus fornicatus, communicates with the 
s. cructatus of the praecuneus and extends nearly to the parieto- 
occipitalis (po). 


Antero-posterior chord, : ; ° ‘ 16.6 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ . . é ‘ 26.0 
Anterior curve, . : i F : 14.5 
Middle curve, . ° : ‘ ‘ 5.3 
Posterior curve, ; ; é , 6.2 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

By a thin piece of gyrus the s. centralis (c) is distinctly 
separated from the f. Sy/viz (S) but poorly so from the 
interparietalts (ip) at its foot. Both gyri centrales (A and B) 
very dwarfed. 


II2 OBSERVATION XV, 


The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) connects with the fossa 
Sylvit (S). Notwithstanding the strong development of the 
vertical branch of the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) it does not © 
connect with the third frontal sulcus (f. 3) so that the 
praccentralts is composed of two pieces. 

The anterior lobe (F) is small. The upper frontal gyrus 
(F. 1) is separated into two gyri by two very deep fissures so 
that the “four convolution type” is well expressed. 

It can be seen that the anterior of these two secondary 
fissures has a radial branch which is connected with the 
vertical branch from the s. frontalis superior Cf. 1). 

The zuterparietalis (ip) has a shallow connection with the 
foot of the f Sy/viz (S) and also a connection still further 
along with the vamus posterior fissurae Sylvit (S’); on the 
surface is not indistinctly separated from the upper temporal 
sulcus (t. 4). Furthermore, it connects with the horizontalis 
(ho). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) connects with the ff 
Sylvit and, as before said, superficially with the zxterparietalis 
(ip) and the occipito-horizontalis (ho). 

The temporal lobe is poorly developed, and a third temporal 
sulcus (t. 3) separates to a great extent the outer surface of 
the gyrus fusiformis (Fs) from the gyrus uncinatus (U). 
The s. collateralis (cl) sends upwards a Y-formed fork which 
is imperfectly separated from the s. fusiformis, and which 
separate in their entire extent the middle from the posterior 
basilar lobe. | 

The s. collateralis (cl), by means of a very shallow fissure, 
reaches the f, calcarina (cc). 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) is in connection with the occzpztalis 
horizontalis (ho) and this with the parieto-occipitalis (po) so 
that there exists a complete “ ape-fissure.” 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) as well as the s. collateralis (cl) 
connects with the scissura hippocampt (h). 

The middle basilar lobe is extremely dwarfed. _ | 

The paracentral lobe is extraordinarly developed, and the 
calloso-marginalis (cm) is poorly separated from the upper 
frontal sulcus and extends through the fissures of the prvae- 


OBSERVATION XV. 113 


cuneus far back into the vicinity of the parieto-occipitalis (po). 
External orbital sulcus is composed of the three typical parts. 
The fissura orbitalis (ob) communicates with the fi Sy/viz. 


Antero-posterior chord, eodiars : . 16.3 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ ; ; ° . 25.8 
Anterior curve, 7 : ; . 14.6 
Middle curve, . P ; : ; 6.0 
Posterior curve, ‘ : ; , 5.2 


SKULL—CONTENTS, 1,445 Cem. 


Horizon. circum., F . : E e 52.8 
Ear circumference, . F ‘ F ‘ 30.9 
Greatest length, . : : ; : 18.5 
Antero-posterior and horizont. circum., é 75.1! 
Greatest breadth, . ; : ; : ; 13.9 ! 
Frontal curve, . : : siposline aay 13.6 ! 
Parietal curve, . - : ; ‘ ; a 
Occipital curve, . , R ; ‘ ; 11.8 


Facial height, - ° ; ‘ ‘ , 12.4 
Frontal height, . ‘ nN oes : ‘ 7.2 
Nasal height, : : i ‘ ‘ ‘ 5.5 


Ear and spine of nose radius, r. . EAS, 12.0 ! 
| eT ee oa 11.7 ! 
Ear and root of nose radius, r.. ‘ ; 12.0 ! 
Yc i ‘ 11.5 ! 
Ear occipital radius, . ‘ BEL ‘ 10.6 
Occipital shortening, . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 1.1 


Almost complete synosteosis of the sagittal suture. Lam- 
boidal suture retains only islands like, coronary suture partly 
obliterated ; mastoideo-occipital suture obliterated. 

Scaphocephalic, highly doliocephalic skull with notable 
‘ shortening of the parietal curve, moderate occipital shortening 
and asymetry of the frontal and parietal bases. 


OBSERVATION XVI. 





PETRICZEWICZ, Peter, aet. 23; Croatian; tempted by money and the 
promise of marriage, he first sought to poison the husband of his 
paramour and then, in company with another, killed him. In 
prison he was quiet and penitent. 





The cerebrum overlies the cerebellum, on the right about 
2.5 Cm.: on the left about 1.7 Cm. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) connects with the f. Sy/vzz (S) and the 
third frontal sulcus (f: 3). The s. centralis connects in a 
peculiar manner with a secondary fissure (~) of the upper 
frontal gyrus (F. 1). The secondary fissure then extends 
to the medial surface and is in shallow communication with 
the calloso-marginalis (cm). 

The upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) is composed of two parts, 
each of which has an important radial fissure. The two 
radial fissures lie parallel, one behind the other, and form the 
middle portion of the praccentralis, which has no communica- 
tion with any other radial fissure. 

The superior frontal gyrus (F. 1) contains four consecu- 
tive secondary fissures, each of which has a radial branch. 
The posterior one, as before remarked, connects with the 
s, centralis (c) and the calloso-marginalis (cm). 

Its radial branch forms the upper part of the praccentralis 
and communicates with no other parts. | 

The secondary fissure lying next in front of the one just 
spoken of, has a radial branch which connects with the 
anterior radial branch of the s. frontalis superior Cf. 1). 


j (114) 


OBSERVATION XVI. | IIs 


The s. frontalis perpend. (f. 3) as already mentioned, is 
connected with the “. Sy/viz (S) and s. centralts (c). 

The gyri centrales (A and B), especially the upper two- 
thirds of the anterior one and the upper third of the posterior, 
are poorly developed. 

The iuterparietalis (ip), with the half of an upper vertical 
branch, constitutes a complete retrocentralis. It has a shallow 
connection with the horizontal f. Sylvzz (S) and with the 
ramus posterior fissurae Sylvit (S’); on the other hand it has 
a deep connection with the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1). It 
extends to the orizontalis (ho) which in its turn reaches by a 
deep fissure to both the perpendicularis (po) and Wernicke’s 
fissure (k). 

The s. temporalis superior (t. 1) is in shallow communication 
with the f. Sy/vzz, in deep connection with the zxterparietalis 
(ip) and in direct connection with the orizontalis (ho). 

_ The lower occipital sulcus (g) likewise originates from the 
upper temporal sulcus (t. 1); which last communicates several 
times with the s. temporalis medius (t. 2). The separating 
fissure between the temporal and middle basilar lobes (U and 
H) very slightly developed. 

The s. cemporalis superior (t. 1) possesses a-deep operculose 
formation, from which connecting branches extend to all 
previously mentioned junctions. ; 

The gyri uncinatus (U) and hippocampi (H) are strongly 
marked with fissures and a fissure separates the middle basilar 
lobe from the posterior. 

Both the f. parieto-occipitalis (po) and s. collateralis (cl) 
extend to the sczssura hippocampi (h). The calloso-marginalis 
(cm) has no posterior connections, 

The fissure which separates the greatly reduced praccuneus 
(Q) from the gyrus fornicatus is connected with the parieto- 
acctpitalis (po). Thes. cructatus of the praecuneus is poorly 
developed. 

The gyrus fornicatus (Gf) has well marked transverse 
fissures. 

The external orbital fissure, which separates the lower 
frontal gyrus (F. 3) from the base is well developed and 
communicates with the f. Sy/vzz (S). 


116 OBSERVATION XVI. 


An anterior separated portion which usually serves to 
divide the base from the gyrus frontalis medius (F. 2) is only 
indicated. 

The entire brain, with a short base, seems relatively strongly 
arched. 


Antero-posterior chord, : > ‘ ; 15.3 
Hemispheric arch, , . ; : ‘ 24.8 
Anterior curve, ; : 3 ; 14.2 
Middle curve, . ; ‘ ; ; 4.8 
Posterior curve, ; ‘ . ‘ 5.8 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 


S. centralis (c) connects with fi Sylviz (S); gyrt centralis 
(A and B) greatly reduced. 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) is joined to a strongly de- 
veloped vertical branch of the superior frontal sulcus (f. 1) 
from which results a well marked praecentralis. The third 
frontalis sulcus (f. 3) connects with the fi Sylviz (S). The 
ramus anterior fissurae Sylvii (S'’) connects with all three of 
the frontal sulci. 

The upper frontal gyrus (F. 1) is separated by deep sec- 
ondary fissures into two parts. The ¢xterparietalis (ip) is 
broken into an anterior and a posterior part. It represents a 
complete vetrocentralis and by its anterior portion is in com- 
munication (very shallow) with the horizontal part of the 
f. Sylvit (S) and with the ramus posterior fissura Sylvii (S'), 
also extensively with the s. cemporalis superior (t. 1). By its 
very short posterior portion it communicates with the orzzon- 
talis (ho) and perpendicularis (po). 

As already remarked, the parieto-occipitalis (po) commu- 
nicates with the Aorizontalis (ho), Wernicke’s fissure (k) and 
the scissura hippocampi (h). 

The s. zemporalis superior (t. 1) has only a slight connection 
with the orizontalis (ho) and gives off a lower occipital 
sulcus (g). 

A third temporal sulcus makes a separation in the region 
of the temporal lobe (T), between the outer and under faces 
of the brain. 


OBSERVATION XVI. 117 


The s. collateralis (cl) has many branches and penetrates 
deeply into the poorly developed middle basilar lobe (U & H). 

The calloso-marginalis is composed of an anterior and a 
posterior half. The latter surrounds the /odus paracentralis; 
has sundry connections with the fissure between the gyrus 
Sornicatus and corpus callosum and is not separated from the 
5. cruciatus of the praecuneus. The s. cructatus communicates 
with the scissura hippocampi (h) and is very indistinctly 
separated from a branch which the parieto-occtpttalis (po) 
sends to the praecuneus. 

An external orbital fissure, composed of two parts, separates 
not only the third (F. 3) but also the second frontal gyri 
(F. 2) from the orbital lobe (Ob). Its posterior part arises 
from the fossa Sylvii. 

This hemisphere (right) is also strongly arched upon a 
short base. 

Antero-posterior chord, ° . : . 15.6 
Hemispheric arch, : . . ‘ ° 25.0 


Anterior curve, . : ° . 15.2 
Middle curve, ‘ ; ; ; 5.3 
Posterior curve, P ‘ ; ° 4.5 


SKULL.—CONTENTS, 1,410 Cm. 
Horizontal circumference, . ‘ d . 51.3 
Ear circumference, . - m Tey 31.4 
Greatest length, . ‘ ; : ‘ 18.1 
Antero-posterior and ipbizont: circum., 3 78.4! 
Greatest breadth, . : a . é : 142 


Frontal curve, . . F . a s 12.5 
Parietal curve, . : ; ; é J 11.8 
Occipital curve, . s F ‘ II.0 
Height of face (Facial height), : 2. SEN II.I 


Height of forehead (Frontal height), . : 6.3 
Height of nose (Nasal height), . ‘ ° 5.5 
Ear and root of nose radius, $2. 34 ‘ 11.7 
Ear—occiput radius, . . =. « « 10.5 
Occipital shortening, . . é . 1.2 
Sutures normal. Markedly dolichocephalic skull with 
medium occipital shortening. 


OBSERVATION XVII. 





(TABLE XVII) 


LOKSIK, Georg, Slovak; confirmed thief, 





Both sides of cerebellum sufficiently covered. 


. LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) at its lower end approaches almost 
the horizontal portion of the f. Sy/vzz (S); it has only a 
shallow connection with it in its posterior lower third. In 
its middle third it is indistinctly separated from the zzter- 
parietalis (ip). 

Central gyri (A and B) poorly developed. 

Third frontal sulcus (f. 3) is in superficial connection with 
the vamus anterior fissura Sylviz (S’’). It connects with the 
radial branch of the upper frontal sulcus (Cf. 1) and forms 
a well defined praecentralis. At the point of junction the 
third frontal sulcus Cf. 3) is ill-separated from the s. centralis 
(c). 

The interparietalis (ip) forms a well developed vetrocentralis, 
and is in three-fold communication with the ramus posterior 
fissurae Sylvit (S’). One of the three communications is 
made by means of the orzzontalis (ho) up to which the ramus 
posterior fis. Syl. (S’) reaches. | 

The s. temporalis sup. (t. 1) is divided into an under and an 
upper half, and is connected with the horizontal part of the 
fissura Sylvit (S) as well as with its posterior ramus (S’). 
Wernicke’s fissure (k) is distinct and also a continuation of 

(118) 


OBSERVATION XVII. 119 


the horizontalis. The occipital lobe on the outer and upper 
surface reduced to a minimum. 

The gyri fusiformis and uncinatus are separated by a long 
fissure ( fissura fusiformis, t. 3) from the external surface, It 
is well developed and also takes the place of the lower occipi- 
tal sulcus (g). 

This s. fustformis (t. 3) communicates with the s. collateralis 
(cl) and gives off a branch which effects a distinct separation 
of the gyrus hippocampi (H) from the dinguadis (Lg). 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) does not communicate with the 
horizontalis (ho) but instead of this it does with the scissura 
hippocampt (h). 

The zuterparietalis (ip) extends deeply into the medial 
surface and is imperfectly separated from the s. cruciatus of 
the praecuneus. This sulcus is also in connection with the 
parieto-occtpitalis (po) and communicates several times with 
the fissure between the gyrus fornicatus and corpus callosum. 
On the contrary, it is well isolated from the calloso-marginalis 
(cm), which last-named fissure is double. 

The s. orbitalzs (ob) communicates with the f. Sy/viz. The 
external orbital fissure is indicated at several points. 


Antero-posterior chord, ; P ech 16.3 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ ; . : é 25.0 
Anterior curve, . : : ‘ : 13.7 
Middle curve, . ; : ; 5.5 
Posterior curve, : ‘ ‘ ‘ 5.8 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) is S-shaped and is ill-separated both 
from a vertical branch of the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) and 
the third frontal sulcus (f. 3); indeed, the first connection is 
made by an enormous thinning and fold-like depression at the 
first point on the anterior central gyrus. A very shallow, 
superficial connection exists between the s. centralis (c) 
and f. Sylviz (S). 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) is moreover in communication 
with the ramus anterior fissurae Sylvit (S"). 

Several fissures ascend from the fossa Sylvii (S), pene- 


120 OBSERVATION XVII. 


trating deeply into the frontal lobe (F), really representing a 
connection with all three of the frontal sulci. 

A vertical branch of the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) forms 
an upper but separate piece of a praecentralts, and this vertical 
piece connects with the s. centralis (c). 

The tuterparietalts (ip) forms a retrocentralis along the 
upper third of the unusually ill-developed gyrus centralis 
postertor (B). The txterparietalts is divided into an anterior 
and a posterior part, communicates somewhat indirectly with 
the ramus posterior fissurae Sylvit (S’) and with the upper 
temporal sulcus (t. 1) with the last indeed in a three-fold 
manner. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) connects with the orizontalis 
(ho) and has a shallow communication with the s. temporalis 
superior (t. 1) and in an extensive manner with the sczssura 
hippocampi (h) and the s. collateralis (cl); it penetrates 
through the fissures of the praecuneus (Q), communicates in 
a shallow manner with the cal/oso-marginalis (cm). 

The calloso-marginalis itself, as well as the s. cruciatus 
of the praecuneus, communicates with the fissure between the 
gyrus fornicatus and the corpus callosum. 

The s. temporalis superior (t. 1) in its anterior part com- 
municates with the f Sy/viz and the tnterparietalis (ip). 
Wernicke’s fissure (k) is connected with the upper temporal 
sulcus (t. 1) and is not clearly separated from the horizontalis 
(ho). | 

The inferior occipital sulcus (g) as well as Wernicke’s 
fusiform sulcus (t. 3) communicates. with the s. collateralis 
(cl), which last extends to the sczssura hippocampz (h). 

The s, orbttalzs communicates several times with the fossa 
Sylviz. An external orbital sulcus consists of two shallow- 
connected parts which separate the orbital lobe from both the 
lower and middle frontal gyri (F. 3, F. 2). There also exists 
a shallow connection between the external orbital sulcus and 
the fi Sylviz. 


OBSERVATION XVII. I2!I 


Antero-posterior chord, ° : , ae 
Hemispheric arch, : ‘ ° > . iO 
Anterior curve, e ‘ . Hes 9. 
Middle curve, . ; ‘ , ee 
Posterior curve, ; t ‘ et e.C 


SKULL—CONTENTS, 1,330 Ccm. 


Horizontal circumference, .. 1. « 51.8 
Ear circumference, . Ginwate ? ° 31.2 
Greatest length, . ; : ° 17.9 
Antero-posterior and vara ed circum, -*~ 81.5 
Greatest breadth, : ‘ ; i ‘ 14.6 
Frontal curve, . ‘ é e ‘ ° 13.2 
Parietalcurve, . ; ‘ : ‘ ; 12.3 
Occipital curve, . ‘ ‘ , ° ‘ 11.8 
Ear base of nose radius, i ‘ . ‘ 11.2 
Ear-occiput radius, . : i ‘ , 10.3 


Occipital shortening, . . ; > , 10.9 
Facial height, ; ‘ i ‘ 
Frontal height, . é é ’ , , 7.1 
Nasal height, ° . ° ‘ 
No synostoses, 


OBSERVATION XVIII. 





GAL, Nicolaus; aet. 56, Hungarian; robber and murderer. 





LEFT HEMISPHERE. 


The upper portion of the gyrus centralis anterior (A) deeply 
divided and the s. ceztralis (c) in connection with the upper 
frontal sulcus Cf. 1). 

The zzterparietalis (ip) connects with the fi. Sy/vzz (S) and 
with the upper and middle temporal sulci (t. 1, t. 2). 

The perpendicularis (po) communicates with the horizontalis 
(ho) and through this with the zuterparietalis (ip) and with 
the upper and middle temporal sulci (t. 1 and t. 2). 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

Shallow communication between the zuterparietalis (ip) © 

and the 7. Sylviz (S) and also between the parzeto-occipitalis 
(po) and the hovizontalis (ho). 

(This brain could not be preserved; its description was 
taken at once upon its arrival.) 


(122) 


OBSERVATION XIX, 





ZWK, Ludwig, aet. 33, Croatian; professional thief, covetous; gentle, 
quiet temperament, changeable manner, phlegmatically confessed 
his crime and died of pleuritis. 





Cerebellum well covered by the cerebrum. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 


S. centralis (c) communicates with f. Sylvzz (S). 

The secondary fissure (7) of the upper frontal gyrus (F. 1) 
very deep. 

The inferior sulcus frontalis (f. 2) at the basal border 
enters a sagittal fissure which separates somewhat distinctly 
the outer orbital surface of the frontal lobe-(F) from the 
orbital lobe (Ob). 

The lower frontal sulcus (f. 1) is also in shallow connection 
with one of the anterior branches of the f. Sy/viz (S’’). 

The zxzterpartetalis (ip) by a connection with the upper 
depression of the posterior central gyrus (B) is developed 
into a well marked vetrocentralis, and it is connected with the 
horizontalis (ho). 

The parieto-occip~italis (po) is connected with the horizon- 
talis (ho) by a deep branch which is given off on the medial 
surface, and by a curve reaches the external surface. It also 
communicates with the scissura hippocampi (h) and the s. 
cruciatus of the praecuneus. Besides this, the parieto-occiptt- 
alis sends a deep branch from the medial border to the 
external surface, running anteriorly almost to the upper 
depression of the gyrus centralis posterior (B). The upper 


(123) 


I24 OBSERVATION XIX, 


temporal sulcus (t. 1) connects with the fi Sy/vzz (S) and 
extends nearly to the occipital apex and thus the s. temporalis 
medtus (t. 2) is separated from the /obulis tuberis (P 2!) (gyrus 
angularis'), and near the occipital apex contains Wernicke’s 
(k) as a radial fissure. This last (k) is connected with 
the poorly developed lower occipital sulcus (g). 

The lobults tuberis (P. 2) (eyrus angularis?) is divided into 
two parallel gyri. 

The s. temporalis medius (t. 2) in this instance represents 
the s. fusiformis. 

For this reason, the middle basilar lobe, (U and H) which 
enters quite abruptly into the posterior basilar lobe, is very 
broad. 

The s. collaterals (cl) communicates superficially with the 
middle temporal sulcus (t. 2) and with the parieto-occipitalis 
(po). 

The orbital gyrus (Ob) is extremely broad; the orbital 
fissure (ob) is very complicated and extends almost to the 
fossa Sylvit (S) at the base. An external orbital sulcus 
separates the orbital gyrus from the lower frontal gyrus 
CE a)s : (See above.) 

RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 

The s. centralis (c) communicates on the surface with the f. 
Sylvii (S) and the upper branch of the praecentralts. 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) by connecting with a vertical 
branch, which in this case is separated from the upper frontal 
sulcus (f. 1) forms a praecentralts, and it communicates with 
the ramus anterior fissurae Sylvit (S”) and as before said 
through its upper part, as a praecentralis, with the s. centralis 
(c). 

In its anterior part the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) unites 
with the secondary fissure (”) whereby the first is, as it were, 
denied its connection with the vertical branch. | 


o 


The interparietalis (ip) is divided into two parts, It forms | 


a retrocentralis and connects with the ramus posterior fissurae 

Sylvii (S’); the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) and the occipito- 

horizontalis (ho). . 
The s. temporalis superior (t. 1) communicates with the 7. 


- OBSERVATION XIX. 125 


Sylvii (S), with the zxterparietalis (ip), and indirectly with the 
perpendicularis (po) and horizontalis (ho). 

The middle and lower temporal sulci (t. 2 and t. 3) together 
with the corresponding second and third temporal gyri (T. 2, 
3) are well developed. The middle basilar lobe (U and H) is 
very reduced. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is connected by a deep cleft 
with the horizontalis (ho) and this last appears as if it were 
a prolongation of Wernicke’s fissure (k). 

The inferior occipital sulcus (g) not distinct. 

The s. collateralis (cl) is in shallow connection with the 
‘parteto-occipitalis (po). The s. cruciatus of the praecuneus 
sends to the external surface a very deep fissure which . 
reaches almost to the vetrocentralts. It (cl) is well separated 
from the parieto-occipitalis (po). Respecting its connection 
with the calloso-marginalis (cm), nothing definite can be said 
for-reason that the preparation was damaged on both sides. 
From the same cause, nothing can be offered concerning the 
existence or non-existence of an external orbital sulcus upon 
the right side, 


ADDENDA. 





OBSERVATION XX, 





BOLTERK, Mato, aet. 43, Crotian ; condemned to three years’ imprisonment 
for theft. Great adroitness in contriving rascalities, completely un-= 
educated, unfeeling, rough, obstinate, and in morals thoroughly bad.? 





Cerebellum completely covered, asymetric. The right cere- 
bellar lobe extended further back, the left one more forward. 
The left one is imbedded in the deep fossa of the left occipit- 
al basilar lobe, whilst the right one lies in a much shallower 
and shorter niche. 

LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

S. centralis (c) distinctly separated from the fi Sy/viz (S) 
though only by a small bit of gyrus. By a depression of the 
upper third of the gyrus centralis posterior the s. centralis is 
imperfectly separated from the vetrocentralts. 

Separation from the radial branch of the upper frontal 
sulcus (f. 1) is also indistinct. 

The third frontal sulcus ¢f. 3) connects with the lower 
(f. 2) and sends a branch anteriorly which connects with the 
anterior part of the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1) and it is itself 





1After I had concluded the observations (1 to xix) I received, through the kind- 
ness of Dr. RoBACEK and Director TAUFFER, three more brains, the descrip- 
tions of which I here add. 

2At death, as an “anarchist,” he brutally refused the consolation of the priest. 


(126) 


ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XxX. 127 


in communication with a little secondary fissure coming from 
the upper frontal gyrus. The lower frontal sulcus (f. 2) 
communicates by a shallow fissure with the radial branch 
of the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1). The upper frontal sulcus 
has really two radial branches which lie behind one another. 

The external orbital fissure is represented by two separate 
pieces ; there is no third branch of the f. Sy/vzz. 

The anterior basilar lobe is well developed, with a compli- 
cated, though isolated s. orbztalts cruciatus (ob). 

The zzterparietalis (ip) connects with the s. cruciatus 
of the praecuneus (Q) and the parieto-occipitalis (po); also 
with the ramus posterior fissurae Sylvit (S’) and through this 
with the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) communicates with the f 
Sylvit. 

The lobulus tuberis (P. 2!) Cgyrus angularis?) appears 
precisely like a connecting curved convolution of the two 
extended temporal gyri. Wernicke’s fissure (k) rises from 
the sorizontalis (ho) and communicates with the imperfectly 
formed sulcus occipitalis inferior. An anterior, isolated piece 
of the sulcus occipitalis inferior is represented by the posterior 
end of the fissura fusiformis, of which we will soon speak. 
The third temporal sulcus (t. 3) extends to the posterior pole 
and is composed of two parts which have a shallow communi- 
tion with each other. The anterior part of it runs chiefly 
along the base and communicates with the s. collateralis (cl). 

The middle basilar lobe is very undeveloped. In its an- 
terior portion it appears like a loop of the middle and lower 
(T. 2, T. 3) temporal gyri, and in its posterior part as a loop 
of the extraordinarily long gyri lingualis and fusiformts. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) communicates with the sorzzon- 
talis (ho) and also with the zzterparietalis (ip) and Wernicke’s 
fissure (k). The cuneus is very greatly dwarfed so that 
on the medial surface the gyrus lingualis shows a greater 
height than the cuneus. 

The calloso-marginatis (cm) in its anterior portion is com- 
posed of two pieces. It is well isolated from the fissure 
system of the cuneus, but by a shallow, lateral continuation 
penetrates far into the external surface, 


128 ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XX. 


The S. cructatus of the praecuneus communicates, as before 
said, with the zntérparietalis (ip), and also connects with the ~ 
fissure between the gyrus fornicatus and corpus callosum and 
through the shallow bed of a vessel, a communication with 
the parieto-occipitalis (po) is indicated. 


Antero-posterior chord, . 9°. .  . 7.4 
Hemispheric arch, . : : : ; 22.0 
Anterior curve, . ; ° 13.0 
Middle curve, ts ° ‘ 3.0 
Posterior curve, . é ; é E0 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 


S. centralis (c) not separated from the fi Sy/vzz. Third 
frontal sulcus (f. 3) has an extremely shallow communication 
with the ramus anterior fissurae Sylvit (S'). The praecent- 
valis is composed of three pieces, the lower one of which 
corresponds with the s. frontalis tertius (£. 3), the middle to a 
separated radial branch of the upper frontal sulcus ( f. 1), and 
the upper one to a separated branch of the secondary fissure 
(g). The upper frontal sulcus has besides this another large 
radial branch. 

The second anterior incision of the fossa Sylvii forms a 
very arborescent s. orbttalis cructatus within the lower frontal 
gyrus, and communicates with the inferior frontal sulcus (f. 2). 

A third off-shoot from the fossa Sylvii is only indicated by 
the bed of a vessel. The middle portion of the external 
orbital fissure is well developed, as is also the anterior portion, 
and its connection with the middle part is only indicated. 

Orbital lobe well developed ; its s. cruczatus isolated. 

The interparietalis (ip) is fully developed into a vetvocent- 
valis,and communicates with the horizontalis (ho), and parieto- 
occipitalis (po), the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1), and through 
that with the fi Sylvzz (S). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) communicates with the 
SF. Sylvii, the interparietalis (ip), and also by very shallow 
fissures with the occipital fissure. : 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) also communicates with the occip- 
ital fissure. The s. occipital. inferior well developed and in 
connection with upper temporal sulcus (t. 1). 


ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XxX. 129 


Fissura fusiformis poorly developed, and in connection 
with upper temporal sulcus (t. 1). Gy7i lingualis and fusi- 
JSormis extremely dwarfed and also the middle basilar lobe. 

S. collateralis extends closely to the scissura hippocampi (h) 
and communicates with the jfissura fustformis. 

Fissura calcarina (cc) separate from the parieto-occipitalis 
(po) ; cuneus very strongly developed. 

The parieto-occtpitalis (po) communicates with the horizon- 
talis (ho) and the zxzterpartetalis (ip) and through these with 
the upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) and Wernicke’s fissure (k). 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) isolated. The same is true of 
the s. cructatus of the praecuneus, the lowest sagittal fissure 
of which makes an extensive separation between the praccuneus 
and the gyrus fornicatus. 

Both hemispheres are extraordinarily long and low. 


Antero-posterior chord, ‘ ° : pore Ree 
Hemispheric arch, ‘ : . : é 22.0 
Anterior curve, ; Fé ; m 12.6 
Middle curve, . ‘ ‘ é ‘ 3.4 
Posterior curve, ; . , : 6.0 


- This brain also belongs to the type of “confluent fissures,” 
and the separation of the parieto-occipitalis €po) from the 
fissura calcarina (cc) on the right, is to be considered as 
especially atypical (see Obs. V.) The cranium belonging 
to the brain was evidently in a high degree dolichocephalic, 


OBSERVATION XXII, 





KRISTIC, Joso, aet. 26; Croatian. First punishment fortheft. Intellectu=- 
ally rather capable, uneducated, rough, frivolous, drunkard. In 
prison, obedient. 





Cerebellum poorly covered on the left and extremely un- 
covered on the right; middle portion uncovered. Right side 
of cerebellum extended much further back than the left. 


LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

S. centralis (c) in communication with the f. Sy/viz by a 
shallow fissure which penetrates through the lower part of the 
gyrus centralis superior (B). There is also a very shallow 
communication with the radial branch of the upper frontal 
sulcus. The lower part of the posterior central gyrus is 
divided by a fissure which has free connection with the f. 
Sylvit and a shallow one with zuzterparietalis (ip); it, how- 
ever, does not extend to the s, centralis (c). | 

The third frontal sulcus communicates with the vamus 
anterior fissurae Sylvit (S”) but not with the inferior frontal 
sulcus (f. 2). 

The praccentralis is composed of three parts, the lower one 
of which (f. 3) communicates with the short radial branch of 
the upper frontal sulcus, whilst the upper parts pertain to the 
secondary fissure (”) of the upper frontal gyrus. , 

Middle frontal gyrus (F. 2) very undeveloped. 

Upper frontal gyrus (F. 1) exhibits deep secondary fissures, 

A third incision of the fossa Sylviz is well developed. The 
middle and anterior parts of the external orbital fissure 
present, and also three isolated from each other. 


(130) 


ADDENDA-—OBSERVATION XXI. I3I 


The orbital lobe (Ob) is rather broad but short; the 
orbital sulcus (ob) well developed. 

The zuterparietalis is developed into a complete retrocentralis. 
At its lower end it is imperfectly separated from the fi Sy/vzt, 
and it connects with it by the previously mentioned fissure of 
the lower portion of the posterior central gyrus (B). It 
connects with the “orvizontalis (ho), is ill-separated from the 
perpendicularis (po) and on the other hand extends far into 
the praccuneus. 

The s. temporalis superior (t. “ communicates with the 7. 
Sylviz (S) and with its posterior ramus (S’).. 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) and the lower occipital fissure 
(g) poorly characterized. The middle temporal sulcus (t. 2) 
extends far back and communicates with the upper temporal 
sulcus (t. I). 

The jissura fusiformis runs forward entirely along the base 
where it communicates with the s. collateralis. The sulct 
collateralis and fusiformts united, penetrate the middle basilar 
-2be parallel with its medial border, and not more than 2-4 
Cm. distant from it, therefore, the occipital portion of the 
middle basilar lobe (U and H) form, at the under surface, only 
a thin, short strip. The entire gyrus hippocampi and a part 
of the gyrus uncinatus really lie at the medial surface, whilst 
the lower surface of the middle basilar lobe is at most ex- 
clusively occupied by the middle and inferior temporal ‘gyri 
(T. 2, T. 3). A fissure extending back from the fi. Sylvii 
separates the gyrus hippocampi from the gyrus uncinatus. 

Gyrus fusiformis to a great extent, undeveloped; the same 
with the anterior portion of the gyrus lingualis. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) communicates, as before men- 
tioned, with the zzterparietalts (ip), and also with the scissura 
hippocampi, and by means of the fissures of the praecuneus with 
the calloso-marginalis (cm). This (cm) has an independent 
anterior part which sends a short branch to the medial edge 
(analogous to the fissura cruciata of Leuret) commencing in 
the praecentral region it penetrates through the parzeto-occipt- 
talis (po) to the sczssura hippocampt, 


132 ‘ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XXI. 


Antero-posterior chord, : ; : : 16.5 
Hemispheric arch, ; : ; ‘ : 22.0 
Anterior curve, : : ° ° 13.0 
Middle curve, . : ; ; ‘ 4.0 
Posterior curve, : > : : 5.0 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 


S. centralis (c) communicates with f. Sylviz (S). 

The third frontal sulcus (f. 3) connects with the anterior 
ascending ramus of the fissura Sylviz (S”) and communicates 
with the lower frontal sulcus (f. 2) which in its turn communi- 
cates with the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1). The lowest part 
of the praccentralis (f. 3) is separate from the upper. That 
above has two parts which lie behind one another and which 
communicate with each other and with the upper frontal 
sulcus (f. 1). 

The last one is peculiarly constructed in that its posterior 
part ascends and really represent a secondary fissure in the 
upper frontal gyrus. The other part of the upper frontal 
gyrus (F. 1) contains a deep secondary fissure. 

A third incision of the fossa Sylvii penetrates about 2.5 
Cm. towards the frontal extremity. Parallel with and above 
this, there is a middle part of the external orbital fissure 
which, by an independent, shallow fissure, connects with the 
f. Sylvit. The isolated anterior portion of the external 
orbital fissure is but little developed. 

The orbital lobe is short and the orbital fissure (ob) € extends 
into the fi Sylvzz. 

The inxterparietalis is connected with the f. Sytee is de- 
veloped into a retrocentralis and communicates with the 4orz- 
zontalis (ho) and perpendicularis (po). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) communicates with the f~ 
Sylvit. The upper and middle temporal gyri extend very far 
forward. The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) communicate with 
Wernicke’s fissure and the s. occipitalis inferior (t. 3). 

The occipital lobe behind the orizontalis (ho) and Wer- 
nicke’s fissure, lies more upon the posterior than the external 
lateral surface. The perpendicularis (po) as before said, 


ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XXI. 133 


communicates with the horizontalis (ho) and the zxzterparietalts 
(ip) and through the praecuneal fissure with the ca/loso- 
marginalts (cm) and also in the most extensive manner with 
the sczssura hifppocampt. 

The gyrus lingualis does not lie on the base but on the 
medial surface, and here again the innermost very small part 
of the middle basilar lobe appears as a loop of the two gyri of 
the undeveloped occipital basilar lobes. The /fissura fusz- 
JSormis (t. 3) lies entirely at the base, nearer to the medial 
than outer edge, whereby only a small strip 1.5 Cm. broad 
remains on the inner border of the middle basilar lobe for the 
gyrus uncinatus, whilst the gyrus hippocampi lies chiefly upon 
the inner surface. The gyri uncinatus and hippocampi are 
here again separated by a fissure emerging from the /ossa 
Sylvit. 

From what has been said, the immense development of -the 
temporal lobe in this brain becomes evident. 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) forms a complete curve from 
the lowest part of the medial frontal lobe to the sczssura hippo- 
campt, from which, in the frontal wedge, arises a condition 
analogous to the fissura cruciata of Leuret; on this side 
analogous to the horse’s brain, whilst on the other side it 
corresponds more to the bear’s brain. 


Antero-posterior chord, ; . ° ‘ 15.7 
Horizontal arch, . : ‘ : ‘ ‘ 22.0 
Anterior curve, . : . , : 10.3 
Middle curve, . ; ‘ : 3 8.2 
Posterior curve, . s ‘ ‘ 3.5 


This brain also belongs to the confluent fissure type and it 
is seen to be especially atypic in the extreme degree to which 
the gyri uncinatus and hippocampi are dwarfed. They repre- 
sent only a puny, pushed-backwards-and-inwards, portion of 
the middle basilar lobe. From this peculiarity these two 
hemispheres could be detected amongst thousands of others. 


OBSERVATION XXII. 





ZATEZALO, Vaso, aet. 25, Croatian. Had been previously punished for 
dangerous threats. Was at this time condemned to five years’ im- 
prisonment for manslaughter; he ripped open his antagonist’s ab= 
domen. The man was addicted to drink, had weak mental powers, 
and possessed the lowest grade of cultivation. 





The cerebellum was almost entirely uncovered. 

Both hemispheres highly hypsocephalic upon a short base, 
and fissured in a manner reminding one more of a cetaceous 
than a human brain. 

LEFT HEMISPHERE. 

S. centralis (c) communicates with praecentralis and in a 
very shallow manner with the zxzterparietalis (ip) and by a. 
fissure which penetrates through the lowest part of the 
posterior central gyrus (B) with the f. Sy/vzz, with which it 
also communicates indirectly by way of the zxterparietalis. 
The radial branches of the calloso-marginalis. (cm) are so 
multiple and irregular that by themselves they offer no 
reliable guide for locating the sa/cus centralis. 

The s. centralis (c) runs so diagonally that the lower end is 
6 Cm. further forward than the upper end, 

The praccentralis runs entirely parallel with the s. cextralis 
and sends a branch bending upwards and forwards, thereby 
forming a sagittal branch to a secondary fissure (9). 

The praccentralzs communicates with the ets Sylvit and 
as before said, with the s. centralis. . 

The upper frontal gyrus lies chiefly upon the medial surface 
and is separated in its entire extent from the gyrus fornicatus 
by a well-defined upper calloso-marginalis (cm). 


(134) 


ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XXIi. 135 


The s. frontalis inferior (f. 2) also communicates with the 
fossa Sylvit, 

The unusually deep external orbital fissure which here 
separates the middle and lower frontal gyri from the orbital 
lobe is of especial interest. It does not stand really in direct 
connection with the fossa Sylviz; but as the middle basilar 
lobe in this case extends far in front of the anterior end of the 
lower frontal gyrus, it results that the posterior end of this 
orbital fissure is covered by the temporal gyri. 

The lobus olfactorius has an uncommonly strong develop- 
ment. 

The gyrus orbitalis points partly outwards instead of down- 
wards. | 

The zxterparietalis (ip) communicates, as before said, with 
the f. Sy/viz. It is in communication with the horizontalis 
(ho) and the perpendicularis (po) and also with the posterior 
ramus of the f. Sy/vzz and with the s. temporalis superior (t. 1). 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) has several communica- 
tions with the f. Sy/viz and also as before said, with the 
tnterparietalts and through this with the occipital fissures. 

Wernicke’s fissure (k) connects with both the zzterparietalis 
and upper temporalis (t. 1) and can be traced to the lower 
border of the external surface. It intersects a transverse 
fissure which must be regarded as the s. occtpitalis inferior 
and through that communicates with the middle temporalis 
(t. 2) and further up with the first temporalis (t. 1). 

The perpendicularis (po) as mentioned, communicates with 
the zuterparietalis, the horizonitalis, the upper temporalis and 
Wernicke’s fissure. 

It is clearly separated from the sczssura hippocampi and also 
from the fissures of the praccuneus. 

The gyrus lingualis lies mostly on the medial surface. 
The posterior part of the dwarfed middle basilar lobe affords. 
the connection between the two gyri of the occipital basilar: 
lobe, whilst the anterior part of the dwarfed middle basilar 
lobe connects with the temporal lobe. 

The fissuva fusiformis is composed of two separate parts), 
the anterior one of which separates the temporal from. the 


I 36 ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XXIL 


middie basilar lobe. The posterior one separates the gyrus 
Susiformis from the temporal lobe, and communicates with 
the temporal sulci, Wernicke’s fissure and the s. occipitalis 
tnferior. The deepest situated part of the brain is the occipital 
basilar lobe. The middle as well as the anterior basilar lobes 
are placed higher; as seen from beneath, the posterior part of 
the brain stands higher than the middle and anterior. 

The calloso-marginalts is greatly branched. _ It sends several 
deep radial branches towards the medial border and com- 
municates with the fissure of the praecuneus. The latter, 
isolated externally and posteriorly, sends several shallow 
branches to the fissure between the gyrus fornicatus and the 
corpus callosum. The gyrus fornicatus is extremely short, 
more circular than oval, rolled over the spherical triangle 
of the thalamus opticus. 


Antero-posterior chord, ; , ‘ ; 15.5! 

Hemispheric arch, : i : . . 24.3! 
Anterior curve, 3 : ; : 14.3 
Middle curve, . ‘ ‘ . . 5.7 
Posterior curve, ; : ‘ ‘ 4.3 


Greatest height, . , : ; : a 8.9 


RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 


The s. centralis (c) communicates with the f. Sylviz by a 
fissure which passes through the lower part of the posterior 
central gyrus and which, towards its terminus, is very shallow. 
It also communicates with the upper frontal sulcus (f. 1). 
There exists a praecentralis which extends from the fossa 
Sylvii quite into the medial border and its upper part only 
stands in communication with a sagittal fissure. Besides this, 
there is a second fraccentralis, the lower part of which is 
in connnection with the middle frontal sulcus (f. 2). Its 
upper part communicates with no sagittal fissure, and repre- 
sents a separated radial fissure from the upper frontal sulcus 
6 Bn | 

Upper frontal sulcus extremely undeveloped, whilst the 
secondary fissure (») extends far forwards from thes. cenxtralis. 
The lower and middle frontal gyri much dwarfed. The 


ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XXII. 137 


anterior part of the frontal lobe on this side rises almost 
vertically, whilst, although steep on the other: (left) side, still 
it runs somewhat pointedly forwards. 

There is a third sylvian incision but very shallow. The 
middle and anterior parts of the external orbital fissure unite 
with each other and are well developed. | 

The orbital lobe lies at the base, but is extraordinarily 
dwarfed, whilst the olfactory lobe lies partly on the medial 
surface and is very largely developed. 

The zxterparietalts (ip) consists of Ist, a fissure rising from 
the f. Sy/vzz, running quite parallel with the s. ceztralis and 
having no connection with its sagittal part: 2d, the sagittal 
part communicates with the Zorzzonialis (ho) ; upper temporal 
sulcus (t. 1) ; also with the fissure system of the praecuneus and 
through this with the calloso-marginalis (c). 

The s. temporalis superior (t. 1) is in two parts, the upper 
one of which, as before stated, communicates with the zzter- 
parietalis (ip) and in this way with the orizcntalis (ho). 
The lower part is much dwarfed. Wernicke’s fissure is well 
developed. 

The parieto-occipitalis (po) is indistinctly separated from 
the Lorizontalts (ho) and blends indistinctly with the sczssura 
hippocampt. 

Gyrus lingualis thick and short ; and entire occipital basilar 

lobe cut up into islands. The s. collateralis communicates 
anteriorly with the fissura fusiformts. 
_ The collateralis (cl) continues across the posterior border 
of the brain to the anterior and external surface and extends 
nearly to the posterior branch of the ‘/issuva fusiformis, con- 
nects with the middle temporal sulcus (t. 2). 

The middle and lower temporal gyri (T. 2, T. 3) well de- 
veloped, but that part of the middle basilar lobe which 
connects with the two gyri of the occipital basilar lobe is in 
its temporal part dwarfed. 

The gyrus fusiformis is, by a transverse fissure, com- 
pletely separated from the middle basilar lobe. 

The calloso-marginalis (cm) in its anterior portion sends a 
branch to the external surface (analogous to the /issura 


138 ADDENDA—OBSERVATION XXII. 


cructata of Leuret) and through the fissure system of the 
praecuneus extends nearly to the scissura hippocampi. 

The fissure system of the praecuneus communicates with 
the fissure between the corpus callosum and the gyrus fornt- 
catus. 

The Cunets is not towards the medial surface but towards 
the posterior. The occipital extremity points entirely down- 
wards and outwards. 


Antero-posterior chord, F ; . é 14.9! 
Hemispheric arch, : : ° : ; 24.8! 
Anterior curve, ; ‘ . ° 13.3 
Middle curve, . ; . ‘ ‘ 5.4 
Posterior curve, F ‘ ; 3 6.1 
Greatest height, . é i ‘ : : 9.9 


I conclude with perhaps the most atypic brain of those we 
have hitherto examined. The cranium was evidently a towar- 
skull. 

Upon comparing the last three brains, it is to be seen that 
the measurements of the base chord and the hemispheric 
curve, even with all their defects, are yet very instructive. 

The brain of Obs. XXI. shows the average proportion 
of 1: 1.37, and evidently most nearly corresponds to the 
normal proportions of the south Slavic brains. 

The brain of Obs. XX. exhibits the average proportion of 
1: 1.27. This brain was flat and long. 

The third brain (Obs. XXII) was in a high degree hypso- 
cephalic and the average proportion of the base-chord to the 
hemispheric curve is 1; 1.61! 


yo’ 


“RECAPITULATION I. 





(EPILEGOMENA). 
£ 


First, let us consider, statistically, the connections of typical 
fissures. ; 

I. That of the PARIETO-OCCIPITALIS (po) with the orizon- 
talis (ho) and sulcus interparietalis (ip). 

Upon 38 hemispheres: 


It is complete—On the right, . ; 3 12 times, 
On the left; . ° J ee 


"otal : ; : . : ee 


_ Incomplete (that is by shallow fissures) : 


Oe the vicht, -.. : ‘ ‘ 3 times. 
On the left, . ‘ , ‘ : a°° 


Total, . - y ; . e 6.* 


Connection absent: 


On the right, . ‘ ; ‘ ‘ 4 times. 
On the left, . ° ites fin 


Total ’ ° e « 2 + 2 II es 


Therefore, in the 38 cerebral hemispheres, the parieto- 
occipitalis (po) unites with the Lorizontalis (ho) 27 times. 

Ten times it was on both sides: 5 times it was on the right 
side, and twice on the left. There remain eleven cerebral 
hemispheres without this connection, but there are only two 
cases where it is absent in both sides. In three of the eleven 
hemispheres the separation is poor. 

(139) 


140 RECAPITULATION I. 


Of 19 brains, therefore, there are only two in which the 
communication is lacking upon both sides. 

II. On account of its analogy with the ‘“‘ape- fissure,” it 
is interesting to study the connections of the united PARIETO- 
OCCIPITALIS (po) and HORIZONTALIS (ho). 


(a) WITH WERNICKE’S FISSURE (K). 


It is complete on the right, . . , ig 3 times. 
It is complete on the left, : ‘ F ae 
Incomplete on the right, . ; ee 
“é “c “ left, ui i 2 I “ 
Total, r : F ; , 6.8 


In six of the cerebral hemispheres there is a communication 
completely analagous to the “ape-fissure.” It exists on both 
sides in only one brain. In one brain the data on this point are 
lacking. 

(b) The united perpendicularis (po) and horizontalis (ho) 
blend with the first or second temporal sulci (t. 1 and t. 2) 
(and indeed to a certain degree parpawen# so through the 
sulcus interparietalis (ip): 


Complete on the right, . ; ‘ ° 7 times. 

Complete on the left, ..- . : i ed 
Incomplete on the right, . 3 é 20-5 
Incomplete on the left, . : ‘ 


Concerning two hemispheres no statement. 

In twenty-five hemispheres there are sixteen connections 
between the united: perpendicularis (po) and horizontalts (ho), 
and the temporal sulci.- Four times im six, the connection 
occurs as under (/) united with that described under (a). 
Thus there is a connection in 18 hemispheres. 

The blending of the perpendicularis (po) and horizontalis 
(ho) predispose to a union of these with Wernicke’s fissure or 
with the temporal sulci. 

III. The HoRIZONTALIS (ho) may, however, be separate from 
the perpendicularis (po) but united to Wernicke’s fissure or 
to the temporal sulci, which can hardly be considered as 
coming within the normal type. 


RECAPITULATION I. I4I 


We will now consider eleven hemispheres, in which there 
is no union of the two occipital fissures (po and ho). 

Of these, one is excluded on account of injury to the 
_preparation. 
Of the remaining ten there can be shown a complete direct 


or indirect connection in ., : é - . 2 cases. 
Incomplete in . ‘hoi ‘ N : ihe 
Total, a e rn e ; - 3 s 6 ” 


If we combine the results given under 2 and 3, it will 
be found that in 35 cerebral hemispheres the horizontalis (ho) 
communicates with either Wernicke’s fissure or the temporal 
sulci, not less than 24 times. 

IV. In the next place the relation of the suLCcUS CENTRALIS 
to the surrounding fissures is interesting. We will first 
consider : 

(a) the connection of the sulcus centralis with the jissura 
Sylvit (S). 

Of 38 cerebral hemispheres this union is 


Complete on the right, . ‘ ° ° 9 times. 
Complete on the left, . ‘ ° ‘ > Te 


‘otal =i J : . 2 : 13>. * 


Incomplete (by shallow fissures) on the right, 2 “ 
Incomplete on the left, 4 “ 


Total, °y : : é ; é te 


Thus, of thirty-eight (38) cerebral hemispheres, there are 
24 in which the sw/cus centralis is not separate from the fissura 
Sylvit! This does not include the indirect communications 
by means of the frontal and interparietal sulci. 

This connection occurs on both sides in g cases out of 
19, and on one side alone in six cases; there being no con- 
nection in four only of the 19 brains. 

(3) The sadcus centralis communicated with the frontal 
sulci, 


142 RECAPITULATION I, 


I. With the third frontal sulcus (f. 3): 


Completely on the right, . ; ; ° 4 times, 
Completely on the left, . ; ° . 5g 


‘ec 


Total, . : ‘ . ; ; 


Inccmpletely on the right, . , : 
Incompletely on the left,. . ° . 


wee b-Orten. mass 
a 


“e 


Total, . ; ‘ ; ; ; 


13 times in 38 hemispheres. 

In nine brains the communication was absent on both 
sides, in seven, upon one side. Communication occurred on 
both sides only in three cases, 

II. The sulcus centralis (c) communicated with the sulcus 
Srontalis superior (f. 1). 


Completely on the right, . ‘ ‘ > I times. 


Completely on the left, . ; 3 tte S: Sei 
Total, . é ; ‘ ; : ce aa: 

Incompletely on the right, . reba ee 

Incompletely on the left, Bene Seeds "sea 2a 
‘Tota, "5 : # : . & | ea: 


The sulcus centralis in no instance communicated with the 
sulcus frontalis superior on both sides. 

Of the 19 brains there are only three (6 hemispheres) in 
which there is no communication on either side between the 
sulcus centralis and a frontal sulcus (Kuss, SzinKa, PROKETZ), 

Only in four brains was the sulcus centralis connected with 
the upper frontal sulcus (f.1) and not with the third frontal 
sulcus (f. 3). In six brains it was connected with both 
the upper and the third frontal sulci, and this was in all cases 
only on one side. 

Of the three brains in which there was no communication 
between the sulcus centralis and the frontal fissures, there 
were two in which the sudcus centralis on both sides connected 
with the fissura Sylvit (Szinka, Kuss). 


RECAPITULATION I, 143 


(vy) There was communication betweeen the s. centralis and 
S. tnterparietalis, 


Complete on the right, . , ‘ ; 2 times. 
Complete on the left, ; ° ° i. 
Total, ° a e e ° s 7 = 
Incomplete on the right, . q : ; b.4 
Incomplete on the left, . ‘ ‘ : .* 
"hota: ; ; Q p A “a: @ 


In only one brain is the connection on both sides, so that the 
communication exists in ten brains. Amongst these is the 
brain of PROKETZz. 

Of the 19 brains there is not a single one in which the 
sulcus centralis has not, at least on one side, a connection 
with some other fissures. 

Altogether there are 58 connections, of which 35 are on the 
left and 23 upon the right side. 

In five of the brains there were connections only upon one 
side, and this in each case was upon the left side; in three of 
the five there existed only one connection in each. In only 
one instance did the connections on the right quturaiiiiet 
those on the left side. 

V. We will now examine the communications of the FISSURA 
SYLVII. 

(a) With the sulcus centralis (see above) the connection 
exists 24 times, to wit: 


Completely on the right, . ° . ; 9 times. 


Completety on the lett. fo oye a 
Total, . ‘ ‘ * ; ; 3. * 
Incompletely onthe right, . ; ‘ a7" 
Incompletely on the left, , ages" aes 
Total, ° « ° a © ‘ ke 


144 RECAPITULATION I. 


(@) With the frontal sulci: : 
Completely on the right, . : . . 9 times. 
Completely on the left, . ‘ : ‘ OES 


Total, . : ; ‘ ° , 18 
Incompletely on the right, . : : 3 « 
Incompletely on the left, . : ; : 4 « 

“Lotgl, : 4 : : , 7 


In 25 of the 38 brains there existed a connection between 
the fissura Sy/vii (its anterior ramus) and the frontal sulci. 

Connection is absent on both sides in only three brains (six 
hemispheres) ; in seven brains its exists on both sides. 

But in those instances where the direct communications 
failed, it was effected by a communication of the third frontal 
sulcus with the su/cus centralis, and this last with the fissura 


Sylvit, 
These indirect communications were: 
On the right, e . ° ° . . I 
On the left, ; é ; ; ‘ i; 


so that in 27 of the 38 hemispheres the fissurae Sylvii could 
be entered from the third frontal sulcus. 

(vy) A third communication between the interparietalis and 
fissura Sylui existed. 


Complete on the right, . ‘ ; i 12 times. 
Complete on the left, . ‘ ‘ : IG. == 


Total, . ; ; ‘ . . oo ve 


Incomplete on the right, . : ‘ . Act 
Incomplete on the left; . = . j 5 208 
os, } eee 3 5 : ; O79 


In 28 of the 38 hemispheres then, there existed a direct 
connection between the iuterparietalis and fissura Sylvitl 
(either posterior ramus or horizontal part), 


RECAPITULATION 1, 45 


(6) Communication between the jfissura Sylvit and sulcus 
temporalis superior (t. 1) existed 


Complete on the right, . dias pa 10 times, 
Complete on the left, ; ; , ; Bix 


Reta 4 ; ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ i 


Incomplete on the right, . : : 4 at 
Incomplete on the left, . ‘ ‘ ‘ a 


BeOtaly 2 ‘ ‘ ; $ ; a." 


The fossa Sylvii, in the 38 cerebral hemispheres, was in 
direct communication with the sulcus temporalis superior (t. 1) 
twenty-two times. 

The fossa Sylvit communicated extensively with the fissura 
orbitalis (ob). 


On the right, . . ° at ‘ 7 times. 
On the left, ° ° . s ° ° 7 ws 


Total, . ; : ‘ : ; Le 


In six of these fourteen, the communication was upon both 
sides. This connection existed, therefore, only in eight 
brains. Four cerebral hemispheres could not be investigated ; 
so that in 34 hemispheres there were 14 connections between. 
the jfissura orbitalts and fossa Sylvit, 

In 38 cerebral hemispheres we have no less than 113! con-- 
nections between the fissuva Sy/viz and the surrounding fis-. 
sures, and with some of them, moreover, the communication 
is repeated. 

VI. The SULCUS TEMPORALIS SUPERIOR (t. I) is in connec- 
tion with: 

(a) The fissura Sylviz (horizontal part and posterior ramus, 
see under 5, 9). 


Completely, <i ; ‘ ‘ ; 18 times. 
Incompletely, . ; : . ° : F Mee 


Total, . é é * F ’ 22 


IO 


146 RECAPITULATION I, 


With the sulcus interparietalis (ip): 


Completely on the right, . ‘ ga 10 times. 
Completely on the left, . , ° ° Bla 


Total, a 3 ° ‘ ; 4 19 cm 


Incompletely on the right, . ‘ ; 4s 
Incompletely on the left, . , . . 232 
Rota. ; : 4 ; ; 6 « 


The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) joined with the szlcus 
interparietalis (ip) in all 25 times. 

This connection was absent in 13 hemispheres, but in no 
single brain was it lacking upon both sides. In 7 brains 
it was present on both sides, In those hemispheres where 
these two sulci were not connected, connections between the 
temporal sulci and orizontalis (ho) were exceptional. 

The upper temporal sulcus (t. 1) then, in 38 cerebral 
hemispheres, was connected completely 37 times with the 
fissura Sylvit (S and S’), and with the sulcus interparietalis, 
(ip,) in a shallow manner, ten times, in all 47 times. 

Besides this there exist connections with Wernicke’s two 
fissures, which cannot be regarded as atypical, also with the 
jfissura fustformis and through it with the sulcus collateralis 
(cl). An extensive communication with the fissures of the 
base might be viewed as atypic. 

As belonging to the atypical connections of the su/cus 
temporalts superior (t. 1) might be reckoned a connection with 
the Zorizontalis (ho) or the conjoined horizontalis (ho) and 
parieto-occipitalis (po). 

This connection exists (direct or indirect) : 


Complete on the right, . ‘ . ; 9 times. 
Complete on the left, . 5 ; é 6.2 
Lota, ‘ é ; ‘ ‘ 5 Cad 


Incomplete on the right, . ‘ ; ; 4 
Incomplete on the left, . 5 ‘ ; q # 
7 


6é 


Total, ° « e e e ° 


RECAPITULATION I, 147 


Through injury to two of the hemispheres, the connection 
in them cannot be given. 

In 22 of the 36 hemispheres, the upper temporal sulcus 
extends into the upper occipital sulcus. 

With the fissures mentioned under a, £, and y, the upper 
temporal fissure has 69 connections. 

VII. We will now consider the connections of ‘the suLcus 
INTERPARIETALIS (ip). 

(a) With the sulcus centralis (c) (see above, under 4 ), 


Complete, ‘ ‘ : ; ‘. 7 times. 
Incomplete, . . ; , . ‘ hire 
‘Lotal,. ‘ ; ‘ é ‘ iS ee 
(G) With the fissura Sylviz (see above under 5 7). 
Complete, ‘ . ; ; ; ; 22 times. 
Incomplete, . ‘ - ‘ ; ° Lo Sr 


Ot... ‘ A ; : : 8 he 
(vy) With sulcus temporalis superior (t. 1). (See under 6 £). 


Complete, , ‘ : ‘ : ; 19 times. 
Incomplete, . : : , ; . 62% 
2 Ofaly =~ ‘ ‘ é 3 ‘ ied 


A rare but certainly interesting connection is: 

(8) The zuterparietalis (ip) with the sulcus calloso-margin- 
alis (cm) or with the sulcus cructatus of the praecuneus. 

This was found three times, twice on the right (Obs. II and 
X) and once on the left (Obs. IV). 

In 38 cerebral hemispheres then, we have 51 complete and 
16 shallow, in all 67 connections of the zuzterparietalis. 

In no brain was there an absence of the connection on 
both sides; in two of the brains there were, including both 
sides, no less than five communications. 

VIII. We will now observe the undoubtedly atypical connec- 
tion of the scISsuRA HIPPOCAMPI (h, of Fig. II of the Introduc- 
tion), First: : 


148 RECAPITULATION I, 


(a) With the fissura paricto-occipitalis (po), 
The communication was 


Complete on the right, . - ‘ - IO times. 
Complete on the left, . : : ‘ 1 pes 


Total, 5 ¥ ; ‘ 7 : 17 rT; 


Incomplete on the right, . : ; e: Ger 
Incomplete on the left, . ; : : pe 
Total; *4 : : / ; ; Fs 


The connection of the scissura hippocampi (h) with the 
parteto-occipitalis (po) was complete 17 times and incomplete 
2 times, in all, 19 times. This included 14 brains out of 
the 19. The commuications existed on both sides, however, 
in only five brains. 

(8) The sulcus collateralis (cl) communicated with the sczs- 
suva hippocampi (h), 


Complete on the right, . ; ‘ ; 5 times, 
Complete on the left, . ; : ‘ 457 
Total, . , ; : ; ‘ Sy dere 
Incomplete on the right, . : . : 2%, 
Incomplete on the left, . ‘ 9 ied 
Total, . ‘ : 5 ‘ ; 2 


It is thus seen that the sa/cus collateralis communicates II 
times with the sczssura hippocampi (h) and this almost with- 
out exception, in those cerebral hemispheres where there was 
also a communication with the parieto-occipitalzs (po). 

(vy) The sulcus calloso-marginalis (cm) communicated but 
once, directly, with the sczssura hippocampi (h), (Obs. VID) 
though often communicating by way of the parieto-occipitalis 
(po). Between other fissures and the scissura hippocampi 
there were 31 (!!) connections. . 

IX. A study of the fissure-system of the suLCcUS CALLOSO- 
MARGINALIS (cm) is highly important. - 

As concerns the human brain, it is accepted as typical that 


RACAPITULATION I. 149 


this sulcus should rise up from the frontal lobe and, with a 
posteriorly convex curve, find its way to the external surface 
back of the posterior central gyrus (B). It often sends an 
anteriorly convex fissure which defines the anterior border of 
the gyrus centralis anterior (A). More frequently, however, 
this last mentioned curve exists unconnected with the sudcus 
calloso-marginalis, and now and then is absent altogether. 

Still more frequently there is a second sadcus calloso-margin- 
alis (See Figs, II] in Tables I, II, IV, VII, IX, X), in which 
case the anterior one extends further down towards the base of 
the medial frontal lobe, whilst the posterior one is unusually 
short in its front extremity. This last generally furnishes the 
curved fissure which defines the posterior limit of the paracen- 
tral lobe, whilst the first one exhibits a tendency to extend to 
the external surface as the anterior boundary of the paracentral 
lobe (See for example Fig. III, Tables I and IX) (a few 
further modifications exist in ZERNOFF). 

This fissure bounding the anterior limit of the paracentral 
lobe has its analogue, for example, in the bear, where its 
incision upon the surface forms the sadcus cruciatus of 
Leuret (See 1, Fig. III of Recapitulation) and is separate 
from the sulcus calloso-marginalts (cm). 

It is regarded as typical that the sulcus calloso-marginalis 
should extend no further backwards. ; 

The simplest form of a continued extension of this sulcus is, 
that, after the curve which defines the posterior border of the 
paracentral lobe, the sulcus (cm) is prolonged posteriorly, 
furnishing a dividing line between the praecuneus (Q) and the 
gyrus fornicatus (Gf). (See Fig. III, Pl. XII). 

A further combination is a union of this last-mentioned 
prolongation, directly with the parieto-occipitalis (po) or in- 
directly with it by the superimposed fissures of the praecuneus 
(see for example Figs III in Tables II & XI), It may also 
connect with the fissures of the praecuneus whilst these do not 
connect with the parieto-occipitalis (See Fig. III in Tables I, 
IV, VII, IX), or, the calloso-marginalis (cm) may be separate 
from the praecuneal fissures and these be in communication 
with the parieto-occipitalis (po). (See Fig, III in Tables V 
and VI). 


150 RECAPITULATION I. 


These communications are of great interest on account of 
their relations to comparative anatomy. 

In beasts of prey, for example, the sw/cus calloso-marginalis 
extends from behind forwards nearly and sometimes unites 
to the sulcus cruciatus of Leuret, or, with an anteriorly con- 
vexed curve, it extends almost, or entirely, to the upper medial 
border. Posteriorly this curve partially encircles the occipital 
end of the gyrus fornicatus (Gf) and this part of it represents 
the common stem of the fissurae parieto-occipitalis (po) and 
calcarina (cc) (in man), 

Whilst with the primates the typical fissura calloso- 
marginalis separates only the frontal and central portions 
of the hemisphere from the gyrus fornicatus, we see that in 
our specimens the parietal and even the occipital portions 
are separated from the gyrus fornicatus by it.’ 

We will give a numerical representation of these simi- 
larities to animal anatomy, omitting the simple extension 
of the szlcus calloso-marginalis, by which the praecuneus is 
separated from the gyrus fornicatus (Gf) and also the direct 
communication with the sczssura hippocampi (h). 

(a) Communication of sulcus calloso-marginalis with fissura 
parteto-occipitalis (po). 


Complete on right, . ern pa ait 5 times. 

Complete on left, . : é ; ‘ ae 
Total; : : ‘ ' . S25 

Incomplete on right, ; ; ‘ : Riper 


Thus, in 33 hemispheres there were 9 complete connections. 
(In 5 of the hemispheres no observations were made). 

(6) Communications of the calloso-marginalis exclusively 
with the praecuneal fissures. 





1 A communication of the sulcus calloso-marginalis or even of the praecuneal 
fissures with the fossa between the gyrus fornicatus and corpus callosum (CC) 
is an exception (peculiarity) (See Fig. III, Tables I, VII, XII). This connection is 
rarely observed except with the sezssura hippocampi (h) itself. 


RECAPITULATION I, I5t 


Complete on the right, . F F , 2 times. 

Contplete on the lefts) 6s oe ie 
Total, > ° r e e ® 7 5. 

Incomplete on the left, . ; : : ete 


Thus there are eight communications. between the sulcus 
calloso-marginalts and the praecuneal fissures. 

(vy) Communication of the parieto-occipitalis (po) with the 
anteriorly isolated fissures of the praecuneus, 


Complete on the right, . . ; . 3 times. 
Complete on the left, , ‘ j ; ‘ 


Incomplete on the right, . ¢ ‘ 4 


3 

Ota, ; ; ‘ ‘ ‘ Ge.8 
I 
Incomplete on the left, . ° ; : I 
2 


xotal,. ; ; ; ‘ ° 


Thus there were also eight communications between the 
parieto-occipitalis and praecuneal fissure. 

X. The communications of the SULCUS COLLATERALIS (cl) 
are also certainly important as concerns comparative anatomy. 

The fissure which divides the gyrus uncinatus (U) from the 
hippocampus (H) will be omitted, for, as it is a branch of the 
sulcus collateralis, it is perhaps typical. 

It is interesting, however, that in one instance this fissure 
connected with the sudcus temporalis superior (t. 1). (See Obs. 
X). 

We will first consider then (a) the communication between 
the s. collateralis (cl) and the sulcz temporales (t. 1, t. 2, t. 3). 


It was extensive on the right, . . ‘ 3 times. 

ce 66 iti ¢é “cc left, ‘ : ; 2 ‘ec 
Total, . P r ‘ ‘ : a: 

It was shallow on the left, : ; ; i 


In all, the collateralis communicated seven times with the 
temporal sulci, 


152 RECAPITULATION I, 


(3) It communicated with parieto-occipitalis (po) or the f- 
calcarina ; 


Extensively on the right,. ee ‘ 3 times. 
“ “6 left, , 3 B : 3 “ 
PT Ota ee earl pai tas hes 64 
4 
It was shallow on the right, . : ° ro 
cct«iS“ ‘6 “ctC«SS left, : ‘ “ Deel: 
Tomi. ; ; ; : ; Se 


(y) On each side there were two full communications with 
the sulcus occipitalis inferior (g), four in all. 

As we must exclude from consideration Obs. XVIII on 
account of incomplete examination, we have then 20 com- 
munications in 36 cerebral hemispheres. Amongst them were 
six brains with bilateral communications, and in two hemi- 
spheres there were double communications. There were 18 
hemispheres (12 brains) which exhibited this connection. 

(6) See under 8 8). There are to be added eleven com- 
munications between the sulcus collateralis and scissura hippo- 
campi (h), three of which, however, are effected indirectly 
through the parteto-occipitalis, so that this only increases 
by eight the number of the collateralis connections. 

In 36 cerebral hemispheres then there were 28 communi- 
cations. 

X. The following were the conditions respecting the COVER- 
ING OF THE CEREBELLUM BY THE OCCIPITAL LOBES. With 
one brain (Obs. XVIII) there was no accompanying state- 
ment. With two of the brains (Obs. XIII and XIV), 
the cerebellum, on account of the flatness of the occipital 
basilar lobes, was strongly dipped downwards. 

In the sixteen remaining brains the covering was: 


Extensive, . " ‘ ‘ : ; 4 times. 
Barely sufficient, . : . : . : e 
Insufficient, . ‘ . ‘ : : eal 
In great measure wanting, . ee Tig Sx “51% 


I will here make a remark respecting the fissure which 


RECAPITULATION I. 153 


I have designated as the “ external orbital fissure.’ We shall 
see further on that this fissure is very much developed in the 
- gyrocephalic mammalia, which rank beneath the primates. 

So far as I know, it is also very constant in apes. 

It is not distinct in the human brain, and my attention was 
directed to it by Obs. II (left hemisphere) and XI, (right 
hemisphere). Whilst the observations were in press, I again 
revised all the brain-specimens and discovered that this fissure 
was rarely absent. | 

In most animals (see also Figs, I-III of Recapitulation) this 
fissure proceeds from the fossa Sylvii, or rather from the 
fissure which we have designated fissura basitlaris lateralis 
(bit. in the figs. cited). 

In most mammalia the two anterior branches of the fossa 
Sylvu (S'’) are absent and therefore our external orbital 
fissure was mistaken for one of these branches. (For clear- 
ness upon this subject we are indebted to an important 
dissertation by Broca, to which we shall revert.) 

Where the two anterior branches of the fossa Sylviz (S') 
are developed, as in man, the external orbital fissure appears 
as a third branch, and when it continues to the anterior ex- 
tremity it separates the orbital lobe (Ob) fromthe lower and 
middle frontal gyri (F. 3, F. 2). 

The following conditions seem to express a type of the 
external orbital fissure. Under the lowest border of the 
M. of the frontal lobe there is a short (3d) incision from 
the fossa Sylvii constituting the posterior portion of the 
external orbital fissure. This portion is often entirely absent 
or is only indicated by a shallow indentation. 

At the middle part of the external orbital fissure there 
appears a seldom-failing fissure which is situated somewhat 
higher than the posterior part and, according to the position 
of the M. of the frontal lobe, runs more or less horizontally or 
diagonally (from below and behind in a direction upwards and 
forwards.) 

This middle portion of the external orbital fissure may com- 
municate with the posterior portion. Often, however, it 
has an independent communication with the fossa Sy/viz, in 


154 RECAPITULATION I. 


which case the posterior portion appears as a fourth anterior 
branch of the fossa Sylviz. 

The anterior portion of the external orbital fissure separates 
the gyrus frontalis medius (F. 2) from the orbital fissure. It 
frequently communicates with the middle portion, and it is 
comparatively rare that these two portions united communi- 
cate, either directly or through the posterior portion, with the 
fossa Sylvit. 

The anterior and the middle portion often communicate with 
the sulcus frontalis inferior (f. 2). 

In conclusion I would call attention to the noteworthy fact 
that in Observation V (left hemisphere, p. 38), there is no 
connection between the parieto-occipitalis (po) and the fissura 
calcarina. (cl) (similar to the ape). 


RECAPITULATION IL “3BR 


th 





The observations given and the deductions therefrom have 
perhaps determined two things with absolute certainty, to 
wit: I. THE NECESSITY OF ESTABLISHING A TYPE OF CON- 
FLUENT FISSURES ; 2d, THAT THE BRAINS OF CRIMINALS WHICH 
WE HAVE PRESENTED BELONG TO THIS “SECOND TYPE” (See 
Introduction, VI, page 14, etc.). 

For many of the descriptive details here given, such as are 
absent in all previous cerebral representations, we are in- 
debted to the special attention which I have bestowed upon 
these brain-specimens. This keen observation I owe to a 
casuistic principle heretofore too much neglected by cerebral- 
anatomists. 

In endeavoring to describe any given brain, great numbers 
of details are observed which are difficult to delineate. In 
some brains we encounter an exhibition such as in other 
brains, at least escapes observation. 

If now we revise these other brains in this respect, then 
this exhibition becomes here and there more or less plainly 
expressed, and it is soon learned that almost every detail has 
its significance, which in proportion to the strength of develop- 
ment takes a higher grade of form. An example of this is the 
manner in which the development of the external orbital 
fissure, in a few brains, lead me to the proof of its existence in 
all brains, and the great meaning which this fissure has for 
study of the comparative anatomy of the brain will be shown 
in a following section. The casuistic mode has given me 
altogether an incomparably better idea of the mammal brain 
than came from long years of study. 


156 RECAPITULATION IT, 


It may indeed be affirmed that architecturally there exists 
no fissure arrangement (idea) in the animal brain which has 
not been expressed in the human. 

In the descriptions of our brain-specimens, the deviations 
from the ordinary method have certainly resulted in but small 
degrees from increased acuteness of observation by reason 
of casuistic process. 

It hardly need be remarked that the conditions primarily 
observed upon the brains of criminals need not necessarily 
belong exclusively to them. 

These brains, besides being those of criminals, have the 
further peculiarity that they belong to the most diverse races 
and tribes (stems). Amongst them are Magyars, the most 
distantly related tribes: of Sclavonians, Roumanian, one Ger- 
man, and one Gipsy. It might be possible to suppose that the 
type which we have deducted from these brains is exclusively 
a fact of comparative race-anatomy, as the normal types of 
most of these races and clans are unknown, and moreover, 
there exists no comparative race-anatomy of the brain. But 
that such is not the case, at least exclusively, seems evident 
from the fact that such an eminent judge of the brain as Betz, 
of Kieff, who has naturally made his studies chiefly upon 
Sclavonie brains, has acknowledged the atypy of my speci- 
mens, and in this manner he has performed an active part 
in the accomplishment of this work. Zernoff’s’ work proves 
that many of the conditions may be more frequently found in 
the brains of the Sclavonians,—though not so frequently as in 
our brain-specimens,—than in those of the Germanic and 
Latin races. 

In these brains (of criminals) which were perhaps con- 
spicuously Sclavonic, it seemed especially noticeable that the 
sulcus interparietalis communicated very frequently with the 
fossa Sylvit, and the parieto-occipitalis (po) with the horizon- 
talis (ho) and the zuterparietalis (ip). 





(1) ZERNOFF’s (of Moscow) work upon “ Zhe Jndividual Types of the Convolution 
of Human Brains,” appeared in the Russian language. No book is quite sealed 
to me with seven seals though it may be with some. Therefore, I must beg to be 
excused if I overlooked or wrongly read some points. 


RECAPITULATION II. 157 


Zernoff “seldom” observed a union of the frontal sulci with 
the fossa Sylvitz. In his collection of one hundred brains, 
the sulcus centralis seems to have had connection in but 
one instance and then with the fissura Sylviz. 

He seems to have observed a connection with the sczssura 
hippocampi (h) with the calloso-marginalis (cm), the parieto- 
occipitalts (po), and collateralis (cl) and of this last with the 
occipitalis (po); the same also as regards a communication 
between the calloso-marginalis (cm) and the parieto-occipitalis 
(po). 

At all events, I hope that these very questions which I here 
present for debate, will serve as a spur to somewhat promote 
a knowledge of brain anatomy as it exists in European races; 
and it especially devolves upon the Austrian, Hungarian, 
and Russian physicians, to complete this work. 

The authority of Betz and the work of Zernoff enable us 
to reject—as being insufficient at least—the idea that the 
specimens of criminals’ brains which we have portrayed, rep- 
resents but a deviating type of a normal Sclavonian brain. 

The fact also that in the brains of five different races such 
great deviations from the normal type are found in common, 
forbids us, a priori, to consider these brains as expressing no 
more than deviations incident to comparative race-anatomy. 

There remains nothing more, for the present at least, but 
to express the proposition : 

THE BRAINS OF CRIMINALS EXHIBIT A DEVIATION FROM THE 
NORMAL TYPE, AND CRIMINALS ARE TO BE VIEWED AS AN AN- 
THROPOLOGICAL VARIETY OF THEIR SPECIES, AT LEAST AMONGST 
THE CULTURED RACES. 

This proposition is calculated to create a veritable revo- 
lution in Ethics, psychology, jurisprudence, and criminalistics. 
For this very reason it should be handled with the greatest 
prudence; it should not yet serve as a premise; and for the 
present it should not leave the hands of expert anatomists. 

‘In matters of fact it must yet be repeatedly proven and that 
from many different points of view, until it can finally rank as 
an undoubted addition to human science. 

The variety of conditions which we may expect to meet in 


158 RECAPITULATION II. 


the different races, will assign to this proposition a little halt- 
ing place in the history of Science, and worthless as well 
as valuable contributions will, for a time to come, give rise 
to oscillations of opinion. 





It is self-evident that the observations here collected are 
the result of an @ priori conviction that the constitutional 
(‘“eigentliche”) criminal is a burdened (“belastetes’”) indi- 
vidual; that he has the same relation to crime as his next 
blood kin, the epileptic, and his cousin the idiot, have to their 
encephalopathic condition (and its results. Tr.). 

Even in these this encumbrance does not signify actual 
disease, but a predisposition to it only. 

As I desire no conclusion of this question until it is an- 
atomically solved, I will not return to the grounds of a natural 
psychology which led to an a priorz proposition. I shall equally 
abstain from offering to explain the facts of empirical criminal 
psychology and also those statistics which are calculated 
to support this proposition. 

In this direction I would, along with other citations, refer to 
two of my previous essays: Ist, ‘‘PSYCHO-PHYSICS OF MOR- 
ALITY AND RIGHT,” Vienna, 1875. Pub. by Urban & Schwar- 
zenberg. 

2d. “NATURAL HISTORY OF CRIME,’ Wiener juristische Blat- 
ter, No. I to 3, 1876. 

These studies elicited a violent opposition. I do not mean 
the local one; that can be understood and judged of in a 
great degree, not from the intellectual standpoint but ex- 
clusively from an ethonopathic view. 

The various grounds of opposition afforded me much ma- 
terial for thought, and I will ask the question, was the violence 
of this opposition in any way justified? I have no desire 
to recriminate, I only wish to assist towards a clear under- 
standing. 

Since Kant (1781) established his doctrine of antinomics 
the honest friends of truth know that there exists a quantity 


RECAPITULATION II. I59 


of metaphysical theses and counter-theses which, no matter 
how contradictory, human reason must for the present look 
upon as equally defensible. To these propositions belong the 
doctrine of Freewill and that of Predestination (3. Antin- 
omie). 

We may have the conviction that freedom of mind is but 
the expression of wealth of mind, that all mental actions 
are expressions of fixed natural laws. In the same way 
also we may acknowledge an absolute psychical freedom. 
But the antinomics of Kant are the goal of knowledge, 
they cannot be its premises. 

In regard to antinomics, therefore, the @ priori attitude 
of science is that of metaphysical neutrality. 

By his Criticism of Pure Reason, Kant freed humanity 
from the scourge of metaphysical intolerance; yet, after a 
lapse of almost a century, humanity has not entered upon this 
inheritance. The past century has handed down to us the 
principle of religious toleration, which is already infused into 
the flesh and blood of all civilized states. 

I do not think to deceive myself when I take for granted 
that our century will soon succeed also to that other in- 
heritance ; metaphysical neutrality. 

But first, scholars must place themselves decidedly upon 
this ground, then will follow society, after that governments 
and finally legislation. 

There will still exist a period of renunciation, as on the one 
side of a line of antonomics (concealed power), there will 
be found position, decorations and titles, and on the other side 
either open or secret social persecution; and neutrality will 
be regarded as opposition. 


160 RECAPITULATION III, 


III. 





In examining human brains that we have reason to look 
upon as of low grade, we at once discover “animal similari- 
ties.” To the present point we have confined ourselves 
chiefly to proving the similarities with the ape-brain (“ape- 
similarities”). But a close comparative study of the human 
and mammalian brain led to the query whether there was - 
an essential difference in the construction of the mammal 
brain as opposed to the human and ape brains. In two 
previous communications’ I have put this question as one to be 
negatived, and I refer to it more especially as nature has 
expressed hardly an idea in the mammal brain which is 
not, under certain circumstances, repeated in man. It can 
be comprehended that it is quite impossible to speak of a 
psychological similarity to beast of prey, apes, &c., when 
an architectural characteristic occurs in a human brain which 
is found to be typical in those animals. 

I have already given special emphasis. (loc. cit.) to the 
fact that the difference in the structure of the frontal human 
brain, with its three primitive gyri, and the frontal brain 
of certain beasts of prey with four primitive gyri (e. g. 
the fox), is only a seeming one. 

In man the upper two frontal gyri blend together, and their 
separation is indicated only by the secondary sulcus g. (Fig. 
I of Introduction.) In some human brains (see for example 
Maglenov, left, Obs. VI,) there is developed from this 





4 See “ Zypes of Beasts of Prey in the Human Brain.” Centralblatt fiir die 
medic Wissensch. 1875, No. 52, and “ Zhe Occipital Lobes of Mammailia,” in the 
same, 1876, No. 10, 


RECAPITULATION III, 161 


secondary fissure a long and deep fissure which extends 
parallel with the superior frontal sulcus, and then the type of 
four primitive gyri is exhibited in the human brain.’ 

Fig. I represents (enlarged) a fox’s brain. The lower 
three primitive gyri in the frontal part are designated as (F. 3, 
F. 2, F. 1) and the dividing fissures as (f. 2, f. 1). The 
upper one of the three parallel fissures is designated by » and 
the gyrus which lies above it with ® A fissure (a) which 
unites with the-fossa Sylviz, separates the frontal from the 
orbital lobe (Ob) which here comes to lie upon the outer 
surface, This fissure corresponds to the external orbital 
fissure in man, and in apes this is more developed than in man. 

As before mentioned (p. 154, &c.) it is exceptional that 
this fissure is well developed in man, and it is found as an ex- 
tension of a third and lower branch from the fossa Sylvii, 
which penetrates into the foremost end of the anterior brain. 
We have (loc. cit.) also before directed particular attention to 
the fact that the fissure (b) of the fox’s brain represented the 
jfissura olfactoria (of) in man, It also happens in man that 
the middle gyrus (F. 2) and the lower part of the upper 
frontal gyrus (F. 1) blend, the upper gyrus being divided by 
a deep fissure into two parts. In this case the upper 
frontal sulcus (f. 1) is undeveloped and ¢ takes its place. 
(See Obs. XIII.) We have here in the human, an instance 
of the blending of the two middle gyri (F. 2 and F. 3) of the 
typical four primitive gyri of beasts of prey, whilst the upper 
gyrus is, as it were, free. 

That which especially distinguishes the frontal brain of 
primates from the lower mammals is the absence in the latter 
of radiating fissures. 

In Fig. I, of Recapitulation (Fox), : at first glance, at least, 
all radiating fissures of the frontal brain are absent, and more 
especially, Ist, The radiating branch of the inferior frontal 





1M. Hanst found in four instances out of eleven cerebral autopsies of Vo/eurs 
recidivistes (“veritable piliers de prison”) four frontal convolutions instead of three. 
In these four cases the middle frontal convolution (F. 2) was.the one doubled. 

M. Ovron did not find a single like-instance during the year 1879, among those 
who died at the Hospital Cochin, and they are rare in. hospitals, generally. (Tr.) 


II 


162 RECAPITULATION III. 


sulcus (f. 2) which is the third frontal sulcus (f. 3) (per- 
pendicular). 2d. The radiating fissure of the superior frontal 
sulcus (f. 1). 3d, That of the fissure g. 4th, The szadlcus 
centralis (c). We will first enquire how these radial fissures 
arise, 





FIG. I. $ 


Fox (enlarged). 


F. 1, F. 2, F. 3.=1st, 2d, and 3d frontal gyri. 
P. 1, P. 2.=1st and 2d parietal gyri. 
T. 1, T 2.=4#st and 2d temporal gyri. 
S.=Fossa Sylvii. 

Ob.= Orbital lobe. 

Of., Of.=Olfactory lobe. 

O., O.= Occipital lobe. 

P.= Parietal lobe. 

T.=Temporal lobe. 

Cu.=Cuneus. 

H.=Gyrus hippocampi. 

o.=Upper (4th) frontal gyrus. 

f. 1, f. 2.=1st and 2d frontal sulci. 
a.=External orbital fissure. 
b.=Sulcus olfactorius. 

c.=Sulcus centralis. 

@.=Upper (secondary) frontal sulcus. 
blt.=Fissura vasilaries lateralis. 


RECAPITULATION III. 163 


If we study our brains of criminals it conducts us first of all 
to the knowledge of animportantlaw. That is, wherea sagittal 
fissure is interrupted, a radial fissure is formed, so that, 
for example, when the upper frontal sulcus is divided into 
several parts, at the posterior end of each piece a radiating 
fissure is formed (See especially Obs. XIV). 

These radial fissures may become separated from their 
sagittal stem, as is often to be seen in case of the third frontal 
sulcus (f. 3) and its sagittal stem, the lower frontal sulcus 
Cf. 2). | 

Here enters the question, whether the sw/cus centralis has 
not originated in this manner, and by further development be- 
come a separated, radial branch of one or all of the frontal 
sagittal sulci? 

The facts observed in one criminal’s brain are strongly 
affirmative, as we there find connections between it and all 
the sagittal frontal fissures (4, f. 1, f. 2). 

Figs. I and III (Recapitulation), brains of Fox and Bear, 
actually do show such radiating fissures (c). In the Fox’s 
brain we observe that it (c) bounds anteriorly the fissure of 
the upper primitive gyrus, and in the Bear it extends from the 
anterior part of the fissure of the upper vorenagh gyrus in 
a direction backwards and upwards. 

We must now search for further proofs as to whether 
the radial fissure marked (c) in these two cuts really corre- 
spond to the sulcus centralis (fissure of Rolando). 

We should first observe that nearly all gyrocephalic mam- 
malia exhibit a distinct paracentral lobule. 

In many animals the anteriorly convex curve which the 
sulcus calloso-marginalis sends off to the external surface 
in its course from behind forwards, forms the fissura cruciata 
of Leuret (See Fig. I, cruc.), and this fissuva cruciata forms 
also the anterior curve of the arch-shaped paracentral fissure. 

This is the case for example in the Fox. 

In other animals the fissuva cruciata proceeds from the 
separated frontal portion of the swdcus calloso-marginalis, and 
the anterior-bordering curve of the paracentral lobule connects 
with this fissura cructata. 


164 RECAPITULATION III, 


ay? tae 
ig 








-¢tG 


SS S a 





wy 


a5 ; 


FIG. III. 


BEAR. 


(With the medial and basilar surfaces turned and brought to view.) 
F. 1, F. 2, F. 3.=1st, 2d, and 3d frontal gyri. 
O. O.=Occipital lobe. 
P.=Parietal_lobe. 


RECAPITULATION III, 165 


T. 1, T..2.=1st and 2d temporal gyri. 

S.=Fossa Sylvii. 

Ob.=Orbital lobe. 

Of.=Olfactory lobe. 

Cu.=Cuneus (and G. cu). 

H. H.=Gyrus hippocampi. 

Q. Q.=Praecuneus. 

Gf. Gf.=Gyrus fornicatus. 

CC.=Corpus callosum. 

Th.=Thalamus opticus. 

Spl.=Splenium. 

.=Upper or 4th frontal gyrus. 

a.=External orbital fissure. 

b.=Sulcus olfactorius. 

c.=Sulcus centralis. 

f. 1, £. 2.==Upper and lower frontal sulci. 

Y.=Upper frontal (in human, secondary) sulcus. 

cm. cm.=Sulcus calloso-marginalis. 

cl.=Sulcus collateralis. 

po.=Fissura parieto-occipitalis. 

q. q.=Fissure between basilar lobe and gyrus fornicatus, and which con- 
nects with the sulcus calloso-marginalis. 

bit. blt.=Fissura basilaris lateralis. 


Again there are animals (the Bear for example) in which 
the anterior separated branch of the sudcus calloso-marginalis 
also furnishes the fissura cruciata (1., in Fig. III), but in this 
case the anterior curve of the fissure which limits the paracen- 
tral lobule is placed back of the fissuva cruciata and is not 
connected with it. 

However this may be, a radiating fissure, corresponding to 
the sulcus centralis, must be situated back of the /issura 
cructata of Leuret. 

Both of the fissures (c) in Figs. I and III correspond to 
this. 

Where this radiating fissure extends into the paracentral 
lobule, it must in its course separate the lobule into two 
equal parts. . | 

Fissure c in Fig, III represents this condition. 

No matter how common the existence of a double curve 
of the sulcus .calloso-marginalis, one of which is convex an- 
teriorly and the other posteriorly, and from which would 
result an appearance that would correspond entirely with 


166 RECAPITULATION III. 


the paracentral lobule, it might still be urged that possibly 
it signified a similarity but not an identity. 

Identity can be proven, in the first place by histology. If 
the fissura (c) of Fig. I and III (Recapitulation): really 
correspond to the sulcus centralis, then the main deposits 
of Betz’s giant cells, and the heaped nests of the, same, 
must lie in front of the fissure (c), and the gyri before and 
back of the limiting fissure of the paracentral lobule must 
correspond to the anterior part of the paracentral lobule, and 
to the highest part of the gyrus centralis anterior. 

Furthermore, Betz’s pyramidal giant cells ought also to 
disappear at the upper part of a transverse section made 
at the posterior limit of the paracentral lobule. Investiga- 
tions, so far as concerns the Fox and Bear, verify these 
suppositions. : 

A transverse section through the fissura cruciata of the 
Fox brought to view masses of Betz’s giant cells in the upper 
gyrus. 

Transverse sections Eesaak the middle of the paracentral 
lobule of the Fox and through the anterior point of the 
anteriorly convex curve of the fissure (c), (Fig. I), and sections 
made between these and the first, exhibited masses of giant- 
cells in all the frontal gyri quite down to the orbital lobe 
(Ob). 

In a transverse section made just back of the posterior 
edge of the paracentral lobule, no giant-cells were anywhere 
found. 

By these means the existence and position of the szlcus 
centralis (c) and of the paracentral lobule in the Fox is strictly 
proven. 

Similar transverse sections were also made in the Bear’s 
brain. The first, through the sulcus cruciatus, c of Fig. III 
(Recapitulation). This section passed throughefissures (a) 
and (b), and giant cells were found in the frontal gyri. 
~The section passed through the bend of the upper fissure 
(py) and the fissure (c), and on its entire upper and external 
border, down to the orbital lobe there were great quantities of 
pyramidal giant cells. 


RECAPITULATION III, 167 


The third transverse section passed through the posterior 
portion of the paracentral lobule which appears very well de- 
fined in Fig. III. In this section only isolated groups of 
pyramidal giant cells were to be found, in the vicinity of the 
posterior curve of the paracentral fissure. 

This then, proves the right, in case of the Bear, to 
look upon the elliptical gyrus into which fissure (c) (of Fig. 
III) penetrates, as the paracentral lobule, and the fissure (c) 
as the sulcus centralts.’ 

By the way, this also teaches ‘ites to define the frontal 
lobe. 

If, in Fig III, an imaginary line be drawn from the point 
where the fissure (c) bends upon the inner surface to the 
fossa Sylvit Gust under the place in the Figure where the 
letter F. 3 starts) it will indicate the posterior boundary of the 
frontal lobe. 

A like procedure must be followed in case of the Fox (Fig. 
T) and this would show that the marks F. 1, F. 2, F. 3, f. 1, f. 
2, in the cut are placed too far back. , 

We have before spoken about the importance of fissures 
(a)-and (b) in Figs. I and III and of their representatives in 
the human brain (See Recapitulation, p. 140, &c.). 

In the frontal lobe of the mammalia then, there are absent 
only the two frontal branches of the fissura Sylvit, which ap- 
pear first in the ape (There is such a fissure in the horse (see 
Fig. II between (a) and (S) and the radial branches of the 
sagittal frontal sulci (f. 2, f. 1, and ¢). 

‘As important as the first, especially, may be, it still would 
not lead any one to deduce from this condition a qualitative 
difference between the brains of primates and other mam- 
malia. 

The question is entirely undecided whether the gyri an- 





1 The celebrated work of Betz (“ ANATOMICAL PROOF OF TWO BRAIN CENTERS,” 
Centralblatt, 1874, Nos. 37, 38) had already really decided the question in our 
favor as to the supposed position of a sudcus centralis, and it is also decided in the 
same manner through a more recent treatise by Bevan Lewis (“ BRAIN,” Journal 
of Neurology, part I) on “THE COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE CORTEX 
CEREBRI.” 


168 RECAPITULATION III. 


terior to the fossa Sylvii and posterior to the just-mentioned 
line limiting the frontal lobe, marked F. 2, F. 3, are to be 
considered as belonging to the temporal or parietal lobe. 

That which has usually been assigned to the temporal 
and to the parietal lobes through topographical considerations, 
is indicated by the letters, P. 1, P. 2, and T. 1, T. 2. 

Let us now examine the base. In the anterior basilar lobe 
of mammalia it is particularly observable that the olfactory 
lobe is much more developed than in primates and especially 
than in man; there the fissura Sylvizt does not extend to the 
base but is represented by a much less marked “deepening” 
(the real fossa Sylviz) and it is also to be seen that the 
orbital lobe is pushed to the external surface. The fissura 
olfactoria (b) in Figs. I, II, and III, is generally connected 
with the jfissura Sylvit or another fissure (fissuva bastlaris 
lateralis, bit. in the Fig.) with which we shall soon become 
acquainted. The /issura orbitalis (ob) is generally absent, 
though it is represented in the horse (Fig. 11). The middle 
basilar lobe is generally undivided. (In the horse, however, 
for example, the division is indicated). See Fig. II. The 
same as in man the basilar lobe, in the middle cranial fossa 
(gyrus uncinatus (U) and gyrus Hippocampit, (H) middle 
basilar lobe) gives off a lobe which rests in the posterior 
cranial fossa as the occipital basilar lobe. This is the case 
with all mammalia (Fig. II). In man this basilar occipital 
lobe is divided into two parts by the sulcus collateralis (cl) as 
this massive development demands a highway for vasculariza- 
tion. | 

In many animals this sulcus (cl) is absent, in others, as in 
the Cat and wild Boar, it is more or less plainly present (See 
for example, cl. in Fig. III, of the Bear’s brain). This shows 
that the mammal also has its basilar occipital lobe and which 
in several species is even separated into the gy77 lingualis 
and fusiformis. This portion of the mammal brain I have not 
taken at all into consideration (s. 1. c.). Before I commence 
with the external surface of the occipital lobe of mammalia, | 
must consider a fissure which appears in most gyrocephalic 
mammalia and which I prefer to designate as the jissura 


RECAPITULATION III. 169 


basilaris lateralis (blt) (see Figs. I-III, Recapitulation), Fig. 
II exhibits this fissure in the Horse. It is seen to be 
connected with the fossa Sy/vit (S). It sends, Ist, anteriorly 
the branches (a) and (b); 2d, posteriorly, it first separates 
the external temporal surface (T) from the middle basilar 
lobe. This part of the fissura basilaris lateralis is indicated 
in Fig. II with (fs). The fissure then extends further back 





F.=Frontal lobe. 

O00.=Occipital lobe. 

P P.=Parietal lobe. 

T.=Temporal lobe. 

S.=Fossa Sylvii. 

Ob.= Orbital lobe. 

Of.= Olfactory bulb. 

Cu.=Cuneus. 

Lg.+Fs.=Gyri lingualis and fusiformis, 
fs.=Sulcus fusiformis. 

blt.=Fissura basilaris lateralis. 
U+H.=Gyri uncinatus and hippocampi, 
a.= External orbital fissure. 

b.=Sulcus olfactoria. 

c.=Sulcus centralis. 

d.=Sulcus orbitalis. 

g-=Sulcus oc. 


170 RECAPITULATION III, 


in order; 3d, to separate that part which I regard as the 
external surface of the occiput (O) from the occipital basilar 
lobe. In Fig. II this part is indicated by (g). In many 
animals the posterior portion of this fissure is bifurcated. (See 
Fig. III, fissure (cc).) 

This fissure also separates more or less completely: Ist, 
with its occipital extremity, the external surface from the 
occipital basilar lobe; 2d, with its middle portion, the external 
surface from the middle basilar lobe, and 3d, the frontal lobe 
from the orbital. 

This fissure, in some sections torn apart, is represented 
in man; the first-mentioned portion (posterior) is represented 
by Wernicke’s fissura occipitalis inferior (g) (see Fig. I, 
Introduction); the second (middle) by Wernicke’s fissura 
Jusiformis, which generally corresponds to our fissura tempor- 
alis tertius (ibidem) and the anterior part by the external 
orbital fissure in man. 

In the brains of criminals which we have presented, the. 
jissura basilaris lateralis is very beautifully demonstrated. 

Through the union of the fissura occipitalis inferior and the 
fissura fusiformis and the full development of both, they 
often furnish a good’representation of the first and second 
portions (posterior and middle) of the fissura basilaris lateralis 
(see for example, Obs. XV). 

Our specimens teach, moreover, that the upper frontal 
branch of this fissura basilaris lateralis sometimes appears 
complete in man (See for example Obs. IV, p. 34; Obs. X, p. 
55; Obs. XI). | 

It remains to be mentioned that the fissura basilaris 
laicralis does not necessarily join with the fossa Sylviz; they 
are often separated by intervening gyri. I have spoken of 
this in a previous communication. 

- We will now turn to the external surface of the occipital 
lube. 

We can at least say that the portion which pertains to 
the basilar occipital lobe, that is, the posterior portion of the 
under surface and the posterior edge of the external surface 
and its contiguous parts, belong to the occipital lobe. 


RECAPITULATION III, 171 


In primates we observe moreover the parietal lobe (P) 
directed posteriorly upon the substratum of the temporal 
lobe (T), located partially around the posterior extremity and 
ending on the inner surface at the praecuneus (Q), above 
_ the occipital basilar lobe. 

In other mammalia the brain is more elevated at the 
posterior extremity; the parietal lobe bends down under. 

-We have then every reason to look upon all that which 
is situated behind that portion of the parietal lobe which 
bends around the temporal lobe (T) as the occiput. 

The lowest point of this curved convolution I have termed 
Cuneus (Cu) (see Fig. I and III, Recapitulation), 

This, however, will scarcely be verified. 

If we speak of an occiput there must also be internal 
evidences of it; and to these belong a central ganglion con- 
necting with the posterior part of the cornu ammonts, corre- 
sponding to the cornu ammonis posterior, and to the calcar 
avis in primates. 

This I have found in all mammals of the most varied 
classes. Up to the ape it has a more or less oval form, is in 
bulb-like, concentric layers, composed of white and gray 
substance, and is undoubtedly a representative of the cornu 
ammonts posterior in primates. 

By this, the existence of an occiput, and that a very con- 
siderable one, too, is proven. 

The existence of a central vascular canal of the occiput— 
the posterior cornu—I have found in most of the animals 
examined. It is sometimes absent, as for example, in the 
Bear. — 

There it is represented by deep fissures entering from the 
outside, for example (cc) and (a) in the Bear (see Fig. III, 
Recapitulation).' 





- 


1T have already mentioned, in another place, (“ ANATOMICAL INTRODUCTION TO 
BRAIN DISEASES,” in my Neuropathology and electropathy), that the relative pre- 
ponderance of the coruu ammonis over the other central ganglia, and especially 
over the corpus striatum, is a prominent characteristic of the mammal as con- 
trasted with that of man; and this statement was verified by MIHALKOWIC in his 
excellent work upon the “THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN.” 


172 RECAPITULATION III, 


The fissure indicated by (g) in Fig. II (Recapitulation I) 
have spoken of as corresponding, in the human brain, to 
Wernicke's fissura occipitalis inferior; and that indicated by 
(cc) Fig. III, as corresponding to the fissura calcarina. 

It is certain that the lowest part of this fissure corresponds 
to the inferior occipital fissure (g). In many animals (the 
Fox, for example) this fissure takes the place of the fissura 
calcarina in man. 

This is the fissure through which the posterior cornu is 
vascularized and in sections made successively from behind 
towards the front, it diminishes in ratio to the greater develop- 
ment of the posterior cornu ammonts. 

A glance at Fig. III (Recapitulation) shows also that when 
the occiput turns inwards and rests on the occipital basilar 
lobe, and anteriorly against the praecuneus, as is the case with 
primates, the upper part of this fissure is then torn away from 
the lower, and to a certain degree assumes the office of the 
fissura calcarina, that is, so far as being the separating fissure 
between the Cumeus and the occipital basilar lobe, and with its 
upper portion, which I have marked (po), it divides the 
praecuneus (Q) from the Cuneus as does the fissura occipitalis 
perpendicularis in man. | 

Another instructive fissure is the one which I have desig- 
nated (q) (see Fig. III, Recapitulation). 

It forms, as does the common stem of the perpendicular 
occipital fissure and the calcarina in man, the dividing fissure 
between the occipital basilar lobe and the gyrus fornicatus, 
and communicates with the sadcus calloso-marginalts. 

We now comprehend the great importance of that condition 
in our brains of criminals, where the saldcus calloso-marginalis 
extends through the praecuneus and unites with the stem 
of the fissura occipitalis (po). 

This fissure (q) also sends an extension to the praecuneus 
(Q) as we have so often seen the parteto-occipitalis do in the 
specimens of criminals’ brains, by which it may become united 
with the fissures of the praecuneus, or the branch may remain 
independent of them. 

In the Bear’s brain the fissure (q) and the upper part 


RECAPITULATION III. 173 


of the fissures cc and po, fulfil the same purpose that the 
united Y-formed calcarina and parieto-occipital do in man, and 
which two last, in the ape, are not yet united. 

On the other hand, we see that already in the Bear one 
of these fissures connects with the lower occipital fissure ; but 
in the bear these fissures (cc) and (q) form a zzdus with the 
collateralis (cl) and this again makes plain the significance in 
the criminal-brain of the frequent union of the lower occipital, 
the collateralis, the calcarina and the parieto-occipitalis, with 
each other, and of the latter with the ca//oso-marginalis (cm). 

Thus the study of our specimens makes the facts of com- 
parative anatomy distinct and these in return demonstrate the 
atypic character of our brain specimens which, by deduction, 
may be justly termed retrograded brains.’ 

From these facts results the following important propo- 
sition: 

There exists no qualitative difference between the hein: of 
mammalia and those of primates. 


NOTE. 


This proposition is the result of a comparison of numerous transverse sections 
which I have years ago made of the brains of the most widely differing animals, 
and of the most varied classes of mammalia; and they have served me as a guide 
in studies of the external cerebral surface. I have a large collection of transverse 
sections of the occiput, from the maggot to the common bat. In them it can be 
seen that mammals without convolutions are not constructed on a different plan 
from the gyro-encephalic mammalia. The fissures have only a haemato-dynamic 
significance. That is, they prevent vessels with considerable arterial force frotn 
entering directly into the mass of the brain. Where the quantity which is to be 
received from the surface is small, i. e., not penetrating deeply, no fissures are 
required. 

Where, in the ascending animal scale, any part is more strongly developed, a 
new typical fissure appears. 

We will here once more emphasize the fact that a frequent connection of 
a typical fissure signifies no enriching of the fissure, but simply the absence of 
developed gyri. 

It may also be emphatically stated that fissures do not merely signify a separ- 
ation; they are more significant of a focus for the entrance of nourishment, vascu- 
larization, a consideration which is of special importance in cerebral pathology. 





4 Corresponding to the fact that the fissure through which the posterior cornu 
ammonis receives nourishment (is vascularized), is situated in many animals (the 
Fox for example) outside instead of inside, the occipital ganglion itself submits to 
an axial deviation outwardly, and the posterior cornu, when it exists, to an inward 
deviation; as I have already mentioned in a previous communication (I. c.). 


174 RECAPITULATION IIL, 


I do not consider the representations which we have here given as containing 
all the proof in support of the proposition; on the contrary, I am preparing to 
resume the subject, accompanied by co-workers, in order to make exhaustive 
researches and to investigate especially the differential histological characteristics 
of individual convolutions. ; 





Whilst this section was prepared for publication, I became 
acquainted with two important works by the celebrated 
French Naturalist, Paul Broca (“Anatomie comparée des cir- 
convolutions cérébrales. Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure 
limbique dans la série des mammtiferes.’ Revue d’anthro- 
pologie, 1878; and “Etude sur le cerveau du Gorille,” ibid.). 

The first work, more especially, is a direct continuation of 
the labors of Leuret and Gratiolet, and is equal to them 
in value. By its clearness of presentation, its resultant tracing - 
of an important anatomical truth, and its multiplicity of. 
material, it will occupy a place of first importance in the 
science of cerebral anatomy. | 

Broca’s results frequently contradict my representations. 
Notwithstanding this, I do not think it best to remodel this 
section of my work, but rather to communicate ‘the results 
of my studies, as they appear to me, because many important 
statements of Broca have not sufficiently impressed me, and it 
is my opinion too that the greater the contrast in the results 
of different authors, derived from the same material, the easier 
in the midst of these variances will truth be discovered. 

I hope that we will be assisted to this ultimatum by Betz, 
who will shortly enter the discussion with a larger work. 

Broca’s starting point is the “lobus limbicus’ (encircling 
lobe). This term is applied to that formation found in many 
animals (the Otter.for example), which is a curved lobe made 
up from the combined Jodus olfactorius, the middle basilar lobe 
of animals (gyrus hippocampi) and the gyrus fornicatus. 
The external olfactory root connects with the gyrus hippocampi 
and the internal root with the gyrus fornicatus and in this 
manner the upper and lower portions of the curve meet 
each other anteriorly. This /odus limbicus, as a starting 
point in comparative anatomy, is a real master stroke. 


RECAPITULATION III. 175 


Of equal importance with the /odus limbicus is the fissure- 
system which separates it from the superimposed hemispheric 
mass (“ Masse ctrconvolutionarie’). By the way, the scéssura. 
limbica inferior of Broca, runs along the external border of 
the hemisphere and corresponds entirely to our fissura basi- 
laris lateralis. 

The upper part of the scissura limbica represents the sulcus 
calloso-marginalis, but with this exception: that in primates 
this fissure generally separates only the anterior portion of the 
the gyrus fornicatus from the remainder of the hemisphere, 
whilst in other mammalia the curve is more or less complete, 
if not indeed entirely uninterrupted. In many mammalia 
(beasts of prey for example) that portion of the fissure which 
separates the parietal lobe from the parietal part of the gyrus 
JSornicatus is further developed and extends with an anteriorly 
convex curve to the external surface where it constitutes the 
sulcus cruciatus of Leuret. Concerning the relation of the 
calloso-marginalis to the sctssura cruciata of Leuret, see pre- 
vious statements. 

In our specimens of criminals’ brains, Broca’s scissura 
limbica is frequently seen to be complete, in so far as it 
extends without interruption from the frontal part of the 
gyrus fornicatus to its posterior curve, or even communicates 
with the stem of the united parieto-occipitalis and fissura 
calcarina, and that, which is very important, sends upwards 
two curves which serve as borders for the paracentral lobe 
(Broca erroneously credits Meynert, instead of Betz, with the 
discovery of this lobe). 

If it is preferable, especially on account of the condition 
found in man, to denominate the lower part of the scissura 
limbica as the fissura basilaris lateralis, then the upper part 
would be better designated as the fissura calloso-marginalis. 

At the same time, the great value of Broca’s expression 





11 prefer my designation because it is more generally applicable. We shall 
see that there is a great difference of opinion between Broca and myself as regards 
the representation of this fissure in primates, and which seems chiefly to arise 
from the reason that Broca was unacquainted with Wernicke’s important work, 
“ Convolution-system of the human brain” (Arch. fiir Psychiat, 1876, vol. vi.) 


176 RECAPITULATION III, 


consists in its description of the fundamental condition, and 
for that reason it ought to be retained. 

The upper and lower curve of Broca’s scissura limbica are 
posteriorly always separated from each other by a portion 
of gyrus which extends from the gyrus hippocampi to the 
posterior edge of the external hemispheric surface. Broca 
calls this bit of gyrus, “plis de passage rétrolimbique.’ It 
corresponds to that which I call simply basilar occipital lobe. 

Broca, as well as myself, found a fissure in this piece of gyrus 
which he considers as the fore runner of the fissura calcarina, 
while I take it as the analogue of the sadcus collateralis, which 
Broca does not take into consideration; which is the correct 
view, the histology of surrounding cortical substance can alone 
decide. 

The upper curve of the sczssura limbica is generally in- 
terrupted in its anterior part, and thereby an upper communi- 
cation is established between the gyrus fornicatus and the 
lobus frontalis, In the horse the upper curve is entirely com- 
plete and there exists only a slight -interruption between 
the upper and lower curve of the sctssura limbica, through 
which the most anterior and lowest part of the gyrus fornz- 
catus communicates with the /obus frontalts. 

The labors.of Broca have imparted the highest interest 
to a branch of our fissura basilaris lateralis (bit) (or the 
under curve of the fissura limbica), which we have termed 
external orbital fissure (see (a) in Figs. I-III, Recapitulation) 
and which, by a stretch of gyrus, is often superficially separ- 
ated from the fissura basilaris lateralis. 

According to Broca, this branch corresponds in mammalia 
to the sulcus centralis (fissure of Rolando). 

This view of the celebrated French anatomist possesses 
a certain fascination; nevertheless, it is decidedly incorrect. 

Broca’s sulcus centralis lies before and below the center of 
Betz’s pyramidal giant cells, whereas the veritable su/cus 
centralis must lie behind and somewhat in the midst of those 
centers. ) 


RECAPITULATION III. 177 


There can be no doubt that this fissure represents an 
external orbital fissure.’ 

I most decidedly agree with Broca that the anterior branches 
of the fissura basilaris lateralis have nothing to do with the 
anterior branches of the fossa Sy/vii in man, and he justly 
characterizes the statements of Meynert as “confusion.” 

Before I consider what becomes of the fissura limbica in 
primates, I will make an observation on the lodus temporalis 
and the middle basilar lobe. 

Broca really allows in the mammalia (excluding the pri- 
mates), only the lowest piece of the posterior part of the 
second super-sylvian convolution-arch as an indication of the 
temporal lobe as found in primates, whereas I, from purely 
external topographical reasons, claim for it, in mammalia, the 
entire lower posterior part of the lowest two super-sylvian 
convolution-arches. 

Present methods cannot decide which view is correct. 

Broca’s idea respecting the gyrus unucinatus is much more 
_ extraordinary, a view which he treats as self-evident, and so 
does not even distinctly formulate it. 

The French anatomist does not regard the middle basilar 
lobe in mammalia as analogous to the middle basilar lobe in 
primates; he rather holds the gyrus hippocampi in man as the 
representative of the middle basilar lobe in non-primates, and 
the observation made by me that the gyrus uncinatus fre- 
quently represents only the turning loops of the temporal 
gyri, and the previous observation by Wernicke that the 
development of the gyrus uncinatus depends entirely upon 
the development of the temporal gyri, favor the French 





1T will here direct attention to an error which can easily find entrance in 
connection with the Sheep’s brain and which has indeed found way into literature. 
I have before me an interesting Italian paper containing an account of the 
experiments at Siena in the physiological laboratory of Prof. Albertoni (Milan, 
published by Rechiedei, 1876). Albertoni communicates his important experi- 
ment upon non-etherized dogs and cats, for a real epileptic center at the upper 
border of the fissura postcruciata. ‘This little book contains also a treatise by 
Student Marcacci, upon the motor centers in sheep. He placed the centers all in 
front of the fissura cruciata. But he overlooked the real fissura cruciata, which is 
shallow and rises from the sudcus limbicus, and mistakes for it the deeper, well 
characterized sulcus centralis. 

12 


178 RECAPITULATION IIL 


naturalist’s idea. Broca observed a fissure in the lower 
human races which separated the gyrus hippocampi from the 
gyrus uncinatus; he assigned it to the temporal lobe and 
bestowed upon it no special name; this fissure he takes as 
the representative of the middle part of his sczssura limbica 
z2fertor. 

Our specimens have shown this fissure dividing the two 
gyri of our middle lobe to be very often present, but it is te 
be seen that it chiefly appears as an extension of the saJcus 
collateralis (cl) (see for example, Fig. III, Plate XII). 

I, on the contrary, regard Wernicke’s fissura fustformts 
(t. 3) which separates the gyrus uncinatus and in part, the 
gyrus fusiformis, from the external surface of the temporal 
lobe, as a remnant of the middle portion of the fissura lateralis 
bastlaris, or fissura limbica inferior. In order to determine 
which view is correct, deciding data must be produced.* 

Broca betows no attention upon the posterior part of the 
fissura bastlaris lateralis, I have already mentioned that I 
consider Wernicke's fissura occipitalis inferior (g) as the 
remnant of it, and the fact of the frequent blending of this 
with the fissura fusiformis is surely of importance. 

Again I specially repeat that I formulate these counter pro- 
positions so plainly, because I believe that the more distinctly 
variations of ideas are opposed to each other the more 
promptly truth will gain footing. 

Still more diverse are our views respecting the /obus occipit- 
alis. 

Broca says that it is in those animals where the temporal 
lobe exists that the earliest representation of an occipital lobe 
is to be found (corresponding, by the way, to Cn of our Figs. 
I to III, Recapitulation.) But further on in his work he 
devotes no more attention to this statement made in the early 
part. Through a folding of the parietal lobe, from whence re- 
sults the jissura parieto-occipitalis—the occipital lobe, in 
primates,—should be separated from the parietal lobe, the 





1 The tendency which Wernicke’s fissura fusiformis has to unite with the 
extension of the col/ateralis, which separates the gyriazcinatus and hippocampi, is 
certainly noteworthy. This fact is testimony in favor of Broca’s idea. 


RECAPITULATION III, 179 


occipital lobe comprising that part which lies behind the 
fissure. Where this fissure is absent there is, according to 
Broca, also an absence of the posterior cerebral “pole.” 
I deem it more correct to claim for those animals in 
whose brains this fissure is absent, such parts as corre- 
spond topographically to the occipital lobe in primates; 
—that is, the bent-under portion of the upper part of 
the parietal lobe at the posterior “pole”. Illustrated by 
means of sections, I have, in a previous contribution, given 
my reason for the view I entertain, namely: the existence 
of an occipital central ganglion, and when the eminent French 
anatomist, to the solution of this point, has devoted a few 
brains to the knife, I have no doubt that he will at once 
be converted to my view (see Figs. I-III of Recapitulation). 

It is highly important to study the extent which Broca 
assigns to the parietal lobe. He so denominates the entire 
area of external hemisphere which lies above and back of the 
sulcus centralis (a) (in our Figs. I-III). 

He allows only a trace of the temporal and occipital lobes 
above the jissura basilaris lateralis (bit. ibidem), whereas, 
our temporal lobe extends quite to this fissure. 

I have already called attention to the fact that a large piece 
of the anterior parietal lobe belonged to the frontal lobe. I 
have also designated in the figures the parts O and Cu, 
which belong to the occiput. To what extent that part which 
we have termed temporal lobe and the gyri designated T. 1 
and T. 2 belongs to the parietal lobe, remains to be proven. 
That the greater portion of the anterior parts of the lower two 
super-sylvian gyri belong to the parietal lobe is certain; and 
it may be that the fissures which, in the Fox and Bear, 
for example, is usually called the Sylvian fissure (see S in 
Fig. I and Fig. III, Recapitulation) is in fact only its posterior 
ascending branch (S’ in Fig. I of Introduction). 

The ingenious successor to Leuret and Gratiolet will, in 
a measure, have to recede from his enthusiasm respecting the 
parietal lobe, while other anatomists will have to become more 
interested in it than they have hitherto been, 


180 RECAPITULATION Ift. 


Broca is extraordinarily clear in his representations of the 
origin of the jissura Sylvit at the base and concerning its 
relations in animals. In general views his work is so rich, 
and detail so ingenious, that over and above its abundant 
explanations, every reader will derive real aesthetic enjoyment 


from it, 


RECAPITULATION IV, 181 


IV. 





It is an important question whether, from an atypic skull, 
we are able to determine an atypic brain. 

Let us consider the various sections of the longitudinal 
curve. 

In typic skulls and brains the bregma lies about 4.5 Cm 
(I 3-4 inch) anterior to the sulcus centralis (c) and the 
intersection of the sagittal and lamboidal sutures is at the 
upper terminus of the parieto-occipital fissure. The question 
is, does this relation remain the same in atypic skulls and 
brains ? 

To the present, science can give no response, 





Let us suppose that the posterior fontanelle should always 
correspond with the superior end of the /issura-parieto-occipit- 
alts. 7 

In the specimens which we have presented, there is the 
abnormality—at least it occurs with unusual frequency—that 
the cerebellum is not covered by the occipital lobe. 

Let us see if we can discern this condition from the skull. 

It would be imagined a priori, that with the abnormal brain 
(in this respect) the condition must be manifest by the curve 
extending from the posterior fontanelle to the prominentia 
occipitalis maxima (upper occipital curve). It must be 
observed, however, that the curve of the prominentia occipit- 
alis maxima is generally a circular one, and that there- 
fore for the purpose of measuring this curve (upper occipital 
curve) it affords somewhat of an arbitrary point which is more 
especially true in case of a flat occiput. Besides this, the: 


182 ; RECAPITULATION IV. 


prominentia occipitalis maxima does not of a certainty corre- 
spond to the intersection of the eminentia cruciata, which last 
also exercises a considerable influence in deciding the true 
extent of the occipital curve of the brain. 

Arranging the skulls according to the size of this curve, we 
have the following order: 


1, Beczar,  . : : : ; : 1.5 
2, Budimcie, . ; ; ; 2.0 
3, Faczuna, ; : ; : ; 3.1 
4, Fantanc,”: *; ; ‘ ‘ ; ; 3.4 
5, Sinka, 5 : 3 ‘ " ' 3.4 
6, Petriczewicz, : ; : : ; 3.7 
7, Froketz,... ; + ; ‘ : 4.4 
8, Loksik, é ‘ : ‘ ‘ ; 4.5 
9, Madarasz, . ‘ ; i ’ ‘ 5.1 
10, Perndinacz, ‘ ; , , ; 5.5 
11, Mia, . ; ; ; Z ; ; 5.0 


_ Let us exclude Beczar, in whom the cerebellum was entirely 
covered from the base of the occipital lobe down, and Bud- 
imcie, with whom the small measurement indicates micro- 
cephaly and which therefore cannot be rankéd as a case of 
non-covering. 

Of the remaining nine, there are three without covering 
( MApDARASz, PANTALIC, PROKETZ), three barely covered (PERN- 
DINACZ, SINKA, Loxksik) and three plentifully so, (Faczuna, 
Mi1A, PETRICZEWICZ). 

From the comparison in this collection, it is to be seen that 
NO. conclusion can be drawn from the size of the “ upper 
occipital curve” of the skull as regards the extent to which the 
cerebellum within is covered by the occipital lobe. 





The next question is, does an abnormal proportion of the 
cranial-parietal curve indicate an abnormal development of 
certain parts of the brain? | 

The reply must at all events be ambiguous. Within the 
range of the cranial-parietal curve there is included a portion 


RECAPITULATION IV. 183 


of the anterior lobes, then the central lobes, and lastly the 
parietal lobes. The question therefore is: in a contracted 
parietal curve of the skull, are the entire brain-parts just 
enumerated, dwarfed, or is it confined to single parts? and 
to what parts? 

In this direction our Fifth observation is of interest. 
(Sinxa.)—In his case the non-development of the bony 
parietal eurve is strongly marked. The man was a bank-note 
counterfeiter, and this class of criminals is noted for geniality 
and never for intellectual poverty. As we have every reason 
to locate intelligence in the frontal cerebral curve and to 
regard the gyrus centralis anterior and its anterior neigh- 
boring parts as the psychomotor centrum, it might be expected, 
a priori, that a connection would be found between the non- 
development of the bony parietal curve and an aplasia of the 
parietal lobes. 

A glance at the photographic plate V, shows in fact a highly 
dwarfed condition of the first parietal lobe, by an operculose 
formation, and this on both sides. 

The aplasia of the parietal lobe in the robber and thief, 
PROKETZ, is less pronounced (Observation XV). 

The incomplete development of the cranial-parietal curve 
in epileptics—and such is often the case—might be connected 
with aplasia of the 2yrus centralis anterior. 





The verification of asymitries of the base of the skull and of 
the skull entire, seems also of importance. Still even from 
this there could, as yet, be no conclusions drawn respecting 
partial aplasias. 

For the present the skull and the brain must be studied as 
parallel lines much more than as lines exactly superimposed. 





I have selected certain measurements of the brain in order 
to establish at least relative references. 

The greatest longitudinal diameter (“L”) of each hemi- 
sphere, in proportion to the longitudinal arch-curve (‘‘Hemi- 


184 RECAPITULATION Iv, 


spheric arch”) may be of the greatest importance. First 
comes the measurement of the “anterior” (frontal) curve, 
from the apex of the frontal lobe to that point where the 
sulcus centralis, if extended, would cut the hemispheric arch ; 
the “middle” (parietal) curve extends from this point to the 
upper end (medial surface) of the fissura parieto-occipitalis 
and the “posterior” (occipital) curve extends from this to the 
proninentia occipitalis. These curves may afford good measure- 
ments to ascertain the relative development of various parts 
of the brain. In our observations they are of little value 
because they have been made on dried brains, and the 
shrinkage of the brains zz ¢ofo as well as in different parts, 
varies greatly in the different subjects. The measurements, 
to have value, must be made upon either fresh brains or 
those slightly hardened. The first method might be difficult 
and the latter would require preparatory experience. 


In conclusion, I will offer a few remarks upon the hitherto- 
existing Criminalistic Method. 

The plan pursued has been the most injudicious possible. 
Crime is a psychological act of the criminal, and the criminal, 
therefore, is the first object for study. In regard to this,— 
the very chief object—the teacher, the accuser, the defender 
and the judge, all have to the present bestowed too little 
care. 

The most competent judges of criminals are empiric police- 
men, and above all thorough prison officers. Brief conversations 
with DirEcTorR TAUFFER, and the honor of a longer interview 
with the Ex-General-Inspector of Austrian prisons, BARON 
von Hye, who, as a theorist and a practicalist has equal 
prominence and reputation, have taught me more concerning 
the state of the criminal world than would an entire library of 
books. 

In order to acquire and spread abroad sensible views, and 
before all, that it may be clearly ascertained whether and how 
criminals can be corrected, and how society can best be 
protected from the scourge of crime, it will be necessary for 
scientific criminalists to adopt the methods of naturalists. It 
will be especially requisite to have institutions for purposes of 


RECAPITULATION IV. 185 


observation and teaching, and these must be established in 
capital cities where prisons and the higher executive depart- 
ments of justice are located, and above all they should be con- 
fided to educated and scientific investigators. 

For the future, judge, defender, and prosecutor, to be ac- 
quainted with the subject of their labors face to face will 
certainly be more to the purpose than to accept the multitude 
of false psychological theories which have been enunciated by 
teachers from far back, prehistoric times, and which are gener- 
ally taught even in the present day. 

If haply in one of these institutions some future professor 
—somewhat mocking Lombroso,—exclaims to his pupils: 
“ The heads of criminals must not be too large or too smali, not 
too broad or too narrow, not too high and not too low, what 
then should they be?’ The proper reply would at once echo 
back: ‘‘Yes indeed, these heads may be too large or too 
small, too narrow or too broad, too high or two low; they 
may be atypic.” For atypy predisposes to mental disturbance, 
to epilepsy and to psycho-physical abnormalities of all sorts ; or 
it may be significant of cerebral disease. But for the crimin- 
alist it is necessary that his head should not be hollow, in 
order that he may be able to follow investigations originating 
from other sources than himself; and in order that he may not 
be incited to slander other investigators because he himself 
is incapable of grasping principles, it is necessary that his 
head should not be evil. 





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